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Antimony

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Antimony Quick Reference

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Notes

Symbol

Sb

Atomic Number

51

Atomic Weight

Rounded

121.76

for regular calculations

Standard

121.760 ± 0.001

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

 5

less common with disagreement

 3

more common with disagreement

-3

less common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

2.05

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3

[Kr] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of krypton

Orbital Filling Order

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3

[Kr] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of krypton

Term Symbol

4S3/2

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 8.60839 eV

II  (2)

16.63 eV   

III (3)

25.3 eV    

IV  (4)

44.2 eV    

see all 6 energies ...

Electron Affinity

1.047401 ± 0.000020 eV

 8447.86 ± 0.15 cm-1  

Density

liquid, 903.78 K

6.491 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

6.680 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

18.19 cm3/mol

Melting Point

1 atm

903.778 K

ITS-90 first-quality, secondary reference point (freezing point)

Boiling Point

1 atm

1860.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K, polycrystalline

21.3 W/(m K)

300 K, polycrystalline

24.3 W/(m K)

298.2 K, polycrystalline

24.4 W/(m K)

273.2 K, polycrystalline

25.5 W/(m K)

200 K, polycrystalline

30.2 W/(m K)

see all 58 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

140 pm

double bond

133 pm

triple bond

127 pm

Atomic Radius

161 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

20.9 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

67.91 kJ/mol

Quantity

Antimony Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 8.60839 eV

II  (2)

16.63 eV   

III (3)

25.3 eV    

IV  (4)

44.2 eV    

see all 6 energies ...

Electron Affinity

1.047401 ± 0.000020 eV

 8447.86 ± 0.15 cm-1  

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

30491 eV  

LI   (2s)

 4698 eV  

LII  (2p1/2)

 4380 eV  

LIII (2p3/2)

 4132 eV  

see all 14 energies ...

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3

[Kr] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of krypton

Orbital Filling Order

[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p3

[Kr] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of krypton

Term Symbol

4S3/2

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

49.9744

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

49.9744

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

18.7977

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

37.5954

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 11 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

80.8%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.868

ωL1

0.039

ωL2

0.069

ωL3

0.069

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.17 

F13

0.25 

F23

0.151

Quantity

Antimony Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid, 903.78 K

6.491 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

6.680 g/cm3

Molar Mass

Rounded

121.76 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

121.760 ± 0.001 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

18.19 cm3/mol

Physical Form

silvery metal

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

25 °C

11.0×10-6 K-1

Speed of Sound

solid, 293 K

3420 m/s

calculated value

Specific Gravity

68 °F, water at 4 °C (39.2 °F)

6.69

Young's Modulus

54.7 GPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.250

Electrical Resistivity

solid, 295 K

41.3×10-8 Ohm m

Contact Potential

4.14 eV

Photoelectric Work Function

4.01 eV

Superconducting Transition Temperature

25 GPa

3.9 K

maximum temperature

Mineralogical Hardness

3.0

Reflectivity

surface polished

0.6 μm

53%

1.0 μm

55%

2.0 μm

60%

see all 6 reflectivities ...

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

38.3 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.0261 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

18 cm3

Quantity

Antimony Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

 5

less common with disagreement

 3

more common with disagreement

-3

less common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

2.05

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

hybridsp3

2.22

hybrid20% s

2.12

orbitalp

1.67

Sanderson Electronegativity

2.458

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

1.82

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

11.74 eV

Pauling units

 1.984  

Allen Electronegativity

1.984

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

2.05

Ghosh-Gupta Electronegativity

5.0203 eV

Nagle Electronegativity

1.88

Pearson Absolute Electronegativity

4.85 eV

Smith Electronegativity

oxidation state: 5

2.1

oxidation state: 3

1.9

Chemical Hardness

3.80 eV

Cohesive Energy

per mole

265 kJ/mol    

per atom

  2.75 eV/atom

Quantity

Antimony Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

1 atm

903.778 K

ITS-90 first-quality, secondary reference point (freezing point)

Boiling Point

1 atm

1860.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K, polycrystalline

21.3 W/(m K)

300 K, polycrystalline

24.3 W/(m K)

298.2 K, polycrystalline

24.4 W/(m K)

273.2 K, polycrystalline

25.5 W/(m K)

200 K, polycrystalline

30.2 W/(m K)

see all 58 conductivities ...

Critical Point

5070 K

Vapor Pressure

1585 °C

100 kPa

1218 °C

10 kPa

946 °C

1 kPa

738 °C

100 Pa

603 °C

10 Pa

534 °C

1 Pa

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

20.9 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

67.91 kJ/mol

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

25.23 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

0.207 J/(g K)

Electronic Heat Capacity Coefficient

0.119 mJ/(mol K2)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

220 K

Room Temperature ( 298 K )

200 K

Quantity

Antimony Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7440-36-0

gray antimony

7440-36-0

black antimony

7440-36-0

DOT Number

powder

2871

ICSC Number

0775

RTECS Number

CC4025000

UN Number

2871

Quantity

Antimony Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

161 pm

Orbital Radius

119.3 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

140 pm

double bond

133 pm

triple bond

127 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

139 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 4, pyramidal

90 pm

coordination number: 5

94 pm

coordination number: 6

90 pm

ion charge: +5, coordination number: 6

74 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 4, pyramidal

76 pm

coordination number: 5

80 pm

coordination number: 6

76 pm

ion charge: +5, coordination number: 6

60 pm

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: +5

 62 pm

ion charge: -3

245 pm

Pauling Univalent Radius

ion charge: +1

 89 pm

ion charge: -1

295 pm

Batsanov Crystallographic Van Der Waals Radius

2.2×102 pm

Batsanov Equilibrium Van Der Waals Radius

241 pm

Pauling Van Der Waals Radius

2.2×102 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

145 pm

Quantity

Antimony Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope

gray antimony

alternate name

grey antimony

alternate name

metallic antimony

alternate name

ordinary antimony

alternate name

rhombohedral antimony

alternate name

α-antimony

symbol

αSb

alternate symbol

Sb-I

allotrope

yellow antimony

allotrope

black antimony

allotrope

β-antimony

symbol

βSb

alternate symbol

Sb-II

allotrope

γ-antimony

symbol

γSb

alternate symbol

Sb-III

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

291 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

3.31×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Antimony History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

circa 1600 BC

discoverer

unknown

location of discovery

unknown

Origin of Element Name

origin

anti monos

origin description

property—Greek for not alone

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Sb

origin

stibium

origin description

word—Latin for antimony sulfide (ancient name)

U.S. Towns Named After Elements

Antimony, Utah

Formerly Used or Proposed Element Names and Symbols

symbol

St

Quantity

Antimony Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

2×10-1 ppm

Earth's Mantle

12 ppb

primitive mantle

Earth's Core

0.13 ppm

Bulk Earth

0.05 ppm

Ocean Water

0.0002 ppm

Metalliferous Ocean Sediment

Basal

17 ppm

River Water

0.001 ppm

U.S. Coal

1.2 ppm

Human Body

2 mg

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

0.01 ppm to 0.6 ppm

Human Hair

0.09 ppm to 3 ppm

Human Kidney

0.026 ppm to 0.22 ppm

Human Liver

0.011 ppm to 0.42 ppm

Human Muscle

0.042 ppm to 0.19 ppm

Fungi

0.05 ppm

Solar System

0.309

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Sun

1.0 ± 0.3

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Meteorites

1.01 ± 0.04

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Quantity

Antimony Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

antimoine

German

Antimon

Italian

antimonio

Spanish

antimonio

Portuguese

antimónio

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

antimonide (general)

Sb3-, antimonide(3-), stibanetriide

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

antimony

Ligands

antimonido (general)

Sb3-, antimonido, stibanetriido

Heteroatomic Anion

antimonate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

stiba

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

stiby

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

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