Numerari from KnowledgeDoor---The scientific calculator with graphing, unit keypads,
complex numbers, constants, advanced functions, user-defined keys, quick copy, and more! Learn more (Link leaves KnowledgeDoor website)

Lutetium

Lutetium Navigation

Other Elements

By Name

By Symbol

By Number

Quantity

Lutetium Quick Reference

Click button to see citations

Notes

Symbol

Lu

Atomic Number

71

Atomic Weight

Rounded

174.97

for regular calculations

Standard

174.9668 ± 0.0001

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

3

Pauling Electronegativity

1.27

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

2D3/2

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 5.42586 eV        

II  (2)

13.9 eV            

III (3)

20.9596 ± 0.0012 eV

IV  (4)

45.25 ± 0.03 eV    

V   (5)

66.8 ± 0.3 eV      

Electron Affinity

0.34 ± 0.01 eV

Density

liquid, 1936.15 K

9.300 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

9.840 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

17.78 cm3/mol

Melting Point

1950 ± 15 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

3675.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

300 K

polycrystalline

16.4 W/(m K)

parallel to c-axis

23.2 W/(m K)

perpendicular to c-axis

13.8 W/(m K)

273.2 K

polycrystalline

16.7 W/(m K)

parallel to c-axis

23.6 W/(m K)

perpendicular to c-axis

14.0 W/(m K)

see all 54 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

162 pm

double bond

131 pm

triple bond

131 pm

Atomic Radius

172 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

19.2 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

428 kJ/mol

Quantity

Lutetium Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 5.42586 eV        

II  (2)

13.9 eV            

III (3)

20.9596 ± 0.0012 eV

IV  (4)

45.25 ± 0.03 eV    

V   (5)

66.8 ± 0.3 eV      

Electron Affinity

0.34 ± 0.01 eV

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

63314 eV  

LI   (2s)

10870 eV  

LII  (2p1/2)

10349 eV  

LIII (2p3/2)

 9244 eV  

see all 19 energies ...

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d1

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

2D3/2

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

69.6195

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

69.6195

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

26.2249

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

52.4498

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 14 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

89.1%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.949

ωL1

0.138

ωL2

0.256

ωL3

0.231

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.134

F13

0.317

F23

0.138

Quantity

Lutetium Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid, 1936.15 K

9.300 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

9.840 g/cm3

Molar Mass

Rounded

174.97 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

174.9668 ± 0.0001 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

17.78 cm3/mol

Physical Form

silvery metal

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

25 °C

9.9×10-6 K-1

Young's Modulus

68.6 GPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.261

Electrical Resistivity

solid, 295 K

53×10-8 Ohm m

Superconducting Transition Temperature

174 GPa

12.4 K

maximum temperature

Vickers Hardness

cast, 293 K

1160 MN/m2

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

41.1 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.0243 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

18 cm3

Quantity

Lutetium Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

3

Pauling Electronegativity

1.27

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

1.14

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

6.455 eV

Pauling units

1.09    

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 2

1.27

Nagle Electronegativity

1.12

Cohesive Energy

per mole

428 kJ/mol    

per atom

  4.43 eV/atom

Quantity

Lutetium Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

1950 ± 15 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

3675.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

300 K

polycrystalline

16.4 W/(m K)

parallel to c-axis

23.2 W/(m K)

perpendicular to c-axis

13.8 W/(m K)

273.2 K

polycrystalline

16.7 W/(m K)

parallel to c-axis

23.6 W/(m K)

perpendicular to c-axis

14.0 W/(m K)

see all 54 conductivities ...

Critical Point

3540 K

Vapor Pressure

3390 °C

100 kPa

2799 °C

10 kPa

2380 °C

1 kPa

2072.8 °C

100 Pa

1829.8 °C

10 Pa

1633 °C

1 Pa

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

19.2 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

428 kJ/mol

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

26.86 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

0.154 J/(g K)

Electronic Heat Capacity Coefficient

8.19 mJ/(mol K2)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

183 K

Room Temperature ( 298 K )

116 K

Quantity

Lutetium Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7439-94-3

Quantity

Lutetium Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

172 pm

Orbital Radius

155.3 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

162 pm

double bond

131 pm

triple bond

131 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

187 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 6

100.1 pm

coordination number: 8

111.7 pm

coordination number: 9

117.2 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 6

 86.1 pm

coordination number: 8

 97.7 pm

coordination number: 9

103.2 pm

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: +3

93 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

175 pm

Quantity

Lutetium Crystal Structure

Notes

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

343 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

3.39×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Lutetium History

Notes

Discovery

shared discovery

date of discovery

1907

discoverer

Georges Urbain

birth

April 12, 1872

death

November 5, 1938

location of discovery

Paris, France

shared discovery

date of discovery

1907

discoverer

Charles James

birth

April 27, 1880

death

December 10, 1928

location of discovery

New Hampshire, USA

shared discovery

date of discovery

1907

discoverer

Baron Auer von Welsbach

birth

September 1, 1858

death

August 4, 1929

location of discovery

Vienna, Austria

Origin of Element Name

origin

lutetia

origin description

place—Latin for Paris

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Lu

origin

lutetium

origin description

element name

Formerly Used or Proposed Element Names and Symbols

name

lutecium

no matching symbol specified

name

cassiopeium

matching symbol

Cp

Quantity

Lutetium Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

8×10-1 ppm

Earth's Mantle

71.1 ppb

primitive mantle

Bulk Earth

0.046 ppm

Ocean Water

1.5×10-7 ppm

Metalliferous Ocean Sediment

Basal

2.2 ppm

Ridge

0.88 ppm

U.S. Coal

0.14 ppm

Solar System

0.0367

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Sun

0.06 ± 0.10

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Meteorites

0.13 ± 0.02

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Quantity

Lutetium Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

lutetium

German

Lutetium

Italian

lutezio

Spanish

lutecio

Portuguese

lutécio

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

lutetide

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

lutetium

Ligands

lutetido

Heteroatomic Anion

lutetate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

luteta

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

lutety

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

Allred, A. L. "Electronegativity Values from Thermochemical Data." Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, volume 17, number 3-4, 1961, pp. 215–221. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5

Anders, Edward, and Nicolas Grevesse. "Abundances of the Elements: Meteoritic and Solar." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, volume 53, number 1, 1989, pp. 197–214. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90286-X

Campbell, J. L. "Fluorescence Yields and Coster–Kronig Probabilities for the Atomic L Subshells. Part II: The L1 Subshell Revisited." Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, volume 95, number 1, 2009, pp. 115–124. doi:10.1016/j.adt.2008.08.002

Campbell, J. L. "Fluorescence Yields and Coster–Kronig Probabilities for the Atomic L Subshells." Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, volume 85, number 2, 2003, pp. 291–315. doi:10.1016/S0092-640X(03)00059-7

Cardarelli, François. Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference, 2nd edition. London: Springer–Verlag, 2008.

Clementi, E., D. L. Raimondi, and W. P. Reinhardt. "Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions. II. Atoms with 37 to 86 Electrons." Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 47, number 4, 1967, pp. 1300–1307. doi:10.1063/1.1712084

Cohen, E. Richard, David R. Lide, and George L. Trigg, editors. AlP Physics Desk Reference, 3rd edition. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2003.

Connelly, Neil G., Ture Damhus, Richard M. Hartshorn, and Alan T. Hutton. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Cambridge: RSC Publishing, 2005.

Cordero, Beatriz, Verónica Gómez, Ana E. Platero-Prats, Marc Revés, Jorge Echeverría, Eduard Cremades, Flavia Barragán, and Santiago Alvarez. "Covalent Radii Revisited." Dalton Transactions, number 21, 2008, pp 2832–2838. doi:10.1039/b801115j

Cox, P. A. The Elements: Their Origin, Abundance and Distribution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Davis, V. T., and J. S. Thompson. "Measurement of the Electron Affinity of Lutetium." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, volume 34, number 14, 2001, pp. L433–L437. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/34/14/102

de Podesta, Michael. Understanding the Properties of Matter, 2nd edition. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.

Debessai, M., J. J. Hamlin, and J. S. Schilling. "Comparison of the Pressure Dependences of Tc in the Trivalent d-Electron Superconductors Sc, Y, La, and Lu up to Megabar Pressures." Physical Review B, volume 78, number 6, 2008, pp. 064519–1 to 064519–10. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.064519

Dronskowski, Richard. Computational Chemistry of Solid State Materials. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005.

Emsley, John. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Emsley, John. The Elements, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Firestone, Richard B. Table of Isotopes, 8th edition, volume 2. Edited by Virginia S. Shirley, with assistant editors Coral M. Baglin, S. Y. Frank Chu, and Jean Zipkin. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.

Greenwood, N. N., and A. Earnshaw. Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

Gwyn Williams. Electron Binding Energies. http://www.jlab.org/~gwyn/ebindene.html. Accessed on April 30, 2010.

Ho, C. Y., R. W. Powell, and P. E. Liley. "Thermal Conductivity of the Elements: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 3, supplement 1, 1974, pp. I–1 to I–796.

Horvath, A. L. "Critical Temperature of Elements and the Periodic System." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 50, number 5, 1973, pp. 335–336. doi:10.1021/ed050p335

Huheey, James E., Ellen A. Keiter, and Richard L Keiter. Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993.

Ihde, Aaron J. The Development of Modern Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1984.

Jr., Elbert J. Little,, and Mark M. Jones. "A Complete Table of Electronegativities." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 37, number 5, 1960, pp. 231–233. doi:10.1021/ed037p231

Kittel, Charles. Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005.

Konings, Rudy J. M., and Ondrej Beneš. "The Thermodynamic Properties of the f-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 39, number 4, 2010, pp. 043102–1 to 043102–47. doi:10.1063/1.3474238

Li, Y.-H., and J. E. Schoonmaker. "Chemical Composition and Mineralogy of Marine Sediments." pp. 1–36 in Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks. Edited by Fred T. Mackenzie. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., 2005.

Liboff, Richard L. Introductory Quantum Mechanics, 3rd edition. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998.

Lide, David R., editor. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th edition. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

Mann, Joseph B., Terry L. Meek, Eugene T. Knight, Joseph F. Capitani, and Leland C. Allen. "Configuration Energies of the d-Block Elements." Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 122, number 21, 2000, pp. 5132–5137. doi:10.1021/ja9928677

Manuel, O., editor. Origin of Elements in the Solar System: Implications of Post-1957 Observations. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

Marshall, James L. Discovery of the Elements: A Search for the Fundamental Principles of the Universe, 2nd edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002.

Martin, W. C. "Electronic Structure of the Elements." The European Physical Journal C — Particles and Fields, volume 15, number 1–4, 2000, pp. 78–79. doi:10.1007/BF02683401

Martin, W. C., Romuald Zalubas, and Lucy Hagan. Atomic Energy Levels—The Rare-Earth Elements. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1978.

McDonough, W. F. "Compositional Model for the Earth's Core." pp. 547–568 in The Mantle and Core. Edited by Richard W. Carlson. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., 2005.

Mechtly, Eugene A. "Properties of Materials." pp. 4–1 to 4–33 in Reference Data For Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer, and Communications. By Mac E. Van Valkenburg, edited by Wendy M. Middleton. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. doi:10.1016/B978-075067291-7/50006-6

Miessler, Gary L., and Donald A. Tarr. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

Nagle, Jeffrey K. "Atomic Polarizability and Electronegativity." Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 112, number 12, 1990, pp. 4741–4747. doi:10.1021/ja00168a019

Orem, W. H., and R. B. Finkelman. "Coal Formation and Geochemistry." pp. 191–222 in Sediments, Diagenesis, and Sedimentary Rocks. Edited by Fred T. Mackenzie. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., 2005.

Oxtoby, David W., H. P. Gillis, and Alan Campion. Principles of Modern Chemistry, 6th edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2008.

Palme, H., and Hugh St. C. O'Neill. "Cosmochemical Estimates of Mantle Composition." pp. 1–38 in The Mantle and Core. Edited by Richard W. Carlson. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., 2005.

Pauling, Linus. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960.

Pekka Pyykkö. Self-Consistent, Year-2009 Covalent Radii. http://www.chem.helsinki.fi/~pyykko/Radii09.pdf. Accessed on November 20, 2010.

Prohaska, Thomas, Johanna Irrgeher, Jacqueline Benefield, John K. Böhlke, Lesley A. Chesson, Tyler B. Coplen, Tiping Ding, Philip J. H. Dunn, Manfred Gröning, Norman E. Holden, Harro A. J. Meijer, Heiko Moossen, Antonio Possolo, Yoshio Takahashi, Jochen Vogl, Thomas Walczyk, Jun Wang, Michael E. Wieser, Shigekazu Yoneda, Xiang-Kun Zhu, and Juris Meija. "Standard Atomic Weights of the Elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry, volume 94, number 5, 2022, pp. 573–600. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603

Pyykkö, Pekka, and Michiko Atsumi. "Molecular Double-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements Li-E112." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 15, number 46, 2009, pp. 12770–12779. doi:10.1002/chem.200901472

Pyykkö, Pekka, and Michiko Atsumi. "Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 15, number 1, 2009, pp. 186–197. doi:10.1002/chem.200800987

Pyykkö, Pekka, Sebastian Riedel, and Michael Patzschke. "Triple-Bond Covalent Radii." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 11, number 12, 2005, pp. 3511–3520. doi:10.1002/chem.200401299

Ringnes, Vivi. "Origin of the Names of Chemical Elements." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 66, number 9, 1989, pp. 731–738. doi:10.1021/ed066p731

Rohrer, Gregory S. Structure and Bonding in Crystalline Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Samsonov, G. V., editor. Handbook of the Physicochemical Properties of the Elements. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1968.

Sansonetti, J. E., and W. C. Martin. "Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data." Journal Of Physical And Chemical Reference Data, volume 34, number 4, 2005, pp. 1559–2259. doi:10.1063/1.1800011

Shannon, R. D. "Revised Effective Ionic Radii and Systematic Studies of Interatomic Distances in Halides and Chalcogenides." Acta Crystallographica Section A, volume 32, number 5, 1976, pp. 751–767. doi:10.1107/S0567739476001551

Silbey, Robert J., Robert A. Alberty, and Moungi G. Bawendi. Physical Chemistry, 4th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

Singman, Charles N. "Atomic Volume and Allotropy of the Elements." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 61, number 2, 1984, pp. 137–142. doi:10.1021/ed061p137

Slater, J. C. "Atomic Radii in Crystals." The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 41, number 10, 1964, pp. 3199–3204. doi:10.1063/1.1725697

Smith, Derek W. Inorganic Substances: A Prelude to the Study of Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Stewart, G. R. "Measurement of low-temperature specific heat." Review of Scientific Instruments, volume 54, number 1, 1983, pp. 1–11. doi:10.1063/1.1137207

Stewart, G. R. "Measurement of Low-Temperature Specific Heat." Review of Scientific Instruments, volume 54, number 1, 1983, pp. 1–11. doi:10.1063/1.1137207

Tari, A. The Specific Heat of Matter at Low Temperatures. London: Imperial College Press, 2003.

Vainshtein, Boris K., Vladimir M. Fridkin, and Vladimir L. Indenbom. Structure of Crystals, 2nd edition. Modern Crystallography 2. Edited by Boris K. Vainshtein, A. A. Chernov, and L. A. Shuvalov. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

Voigt, H. H., editor. Landolt–Börnstein—Group VI Astronomy and Astrophysics. Berlin: Springer–Verlag, 1993.

Waber, J. T., and Don T. Cromer. "Orbital Radii of Atoms and Ions." Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 42, number 12, 1965, pp. 4116–4123. doi:10.1063/1.1695904

Wagman, Donald D., William H. Evans, Vivian B. Parker, Richard H. Schumm, Iva Halow, Sylvia M. Bailey, Kenneth L. Churney, and Ralph L. Nuttall. "Thermal Conductivity of the Elements: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 11, supplement 2, 1982, pp. 2–1 to 2–392.

Waldron, Kimberley A., Erin M. Fehringer, Amy E. Streeb, Jennifer E. Trosky, and Joshua J. Pearson. "Screening Percentages Based on Slater Effective Nuclear Charge as a Versatile Tool for Teaching Periodic Trends." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 78, number 5, 2001, pp. 635–639. doi:10.1021/ed078p635

Weeks, Mary Elvira, and Henry M. Leicester. Discovery of the Elements, 7th edition. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education, 1968.

Yaws, Carl L. "Liquid Density of the Elements." Chemical Engineering, volume 114, number 12, 2007, pp. 44–46.

Yaws, Carl L. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company, 2005.

Heaven's Boulevard astronomical sky image for any location, date, and time. Personalize with a picture and message. Great gift for birthdays, anniversaries, or any special event. Learn more (Link leaves KnowledgeDoor website)