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Silicon

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Silicon Quick Reference

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Notes

Symbol

Si

Atomic Number

14

Atomic Weight

Rounded

28.085

for regular calculations

Standard

28.084 to 28.086

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

 4

more common

 3

less common

 2

less common

 1

less common

-1

less common

-2

less common

-3

less common

-4

less common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

1.90

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Ne] 3s2 3p2

[Ne] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of neon

Orbital Filling Order

[Ne] 3s2 3p2

[Ne] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of neon

Term Symbol

3P0

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 8.15168 eV          

II  (2)

16.34584 eV          

III (3)

33.49327 ± 0.00012 eV

IV  (4)

45.14215 ± 0.00014 eV

see all 14 energies ...

Electron Affinity

1.3895220 ± 0.0000024 eV

11207.252 ± 0.018 cm-1  

Density

liquid, 1688 K

2.49 g/ml     

solid

1500 K

2.294 g/cm3   

1000 K

2.312 g/cm3   

400 K

2.327 g/cm3   

300 K

2.329 g/cm3   

25 °C

2.329002 g/cm3

hydrostatic weighing, high purity crystal

20 °C

2.32831 ± 0.00031 g/cm3

determined by the suspension method

200 K

2.330 g/cm3   

100 K

2.331 g/cm3   

see all 21 densities ...

Molar Volume

solid, 22.5 °C, 0 atm

12.0588349 ± 0.0000011 cm3/mol

Melting Point

1 atm

1414 °C

1 bar

1685 ± 3 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

2900 °C

1.33×10-4 Pa

1080 °C

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

 98.9 W/(m K)

300 K

148 W/(m K)  

298.2 K

149 W/(m K)  

273.2 K

168 W/(m K)  

200 K

264 W/(m K)  

see all 44 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

116 pm

double bond

107 pm

triple bond

102 pm

Atomic Radius

118 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

39.6 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

383.3 kJ/mol

Quantity

Silicon Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 8.15168 eV          

II  (2)

16.34584 eV          

III (3)

33.49327 ± 0.00012 eV

IV  (4)

45.14215 ± 0.00014 eV

see all 14 energies ...

Electron Affinity

1.3895220 ± 0.0000024 eV

11207.252 ± 0.018 cm-1  

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

1839 eV   

LI   (2s)

 149.7 eV 

LII  (2p1/2)

  99.82 eV

LIII (2p3/2)

  99.42 eV

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Ne] 3s2 3p2

[Ne] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of neon

Orbital Filling Order

[Ne] 3s2 3p2

[Ne] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of neon

Term Symbol

3P0

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

13.5745

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

13.5745

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

 4.5100

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

 9.0200

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 5 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

70.4%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.050   

ωL1

0.000030

ωL2

0.00037 

ωL3

0.00038 

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.32

F13

0.64

Quantity

Silicon Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid, 1688 K

2.49 g/ml     

solid

1500 K

2.294 g/cm3   

1000 K

2.312 g/cm3   

400 K

2.327 g/cm3   

300 K

2.329 g/cm3   

25 °C

2.329002 g/cm3

hydrostatic weighing, high purity crystal

20 °C

2.32831 ± 0.00031 g/cm3

determined by the suspension method

200 K

2.330 g/cm3   

100 K

2.331 g/cm3   

see all 21 densities ...

Molar Mass

Rounded

28.085 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

28.084 g/mol to 28.086 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 22.5 °C, 0 atm

12.0588349 ± 0.0000011 cm3/mol

Physical Form

gray crystals or brown amorphous solid

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

450 K

3.44×10-6 K-1

single-crystal silicon

400 K

3.24×10-6 K-1

single-crystal silicon

350 K

2.97×10-6 K-1

single-crystal silicon

300 K

2.63×10-6 K-1

single-crystal silicon

298.2 K

(2.59 ± 0.05)×10-6 K-1

293 K

2.57×10-6 K-1

single-crystal silicon

see all 17 coefficients ...

Speed of Sound

solid

2200 m/s

Specific Gravity

77 °F, water at 4 °C (39.2 °F)

2.33

Young's Modulus

113 GPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.420

Dielectric Constant

300 K, 750 MHz

11.9

4.2 K, 750 MHz, capacitance bridge

12.1

Electrical Resistivity

solid, 300 K

3.16×103 Ohm m

Contact Potential

4.2 eV

Photoelectric Work Function

4.52 eV

Thermionic Work Function

3.59 eV

Superconducting Transition Temperature

15 GPa, simple hexagonal phase

8.2 K

maximum temperature

Mineralogical Hardness

6.5

Reflectivity

surface polished

0.5 μm

34%

0.6 μm

32%

0.8 μm

29%

see all 8 reflectivities ...

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

98.8 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.01012 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

12 cm3

Quantity

Silicon Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

 4

more common

 3

less common

 2

less common

 1

less common

-1

less common

-2

less common

-3

less common

-4

less common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

1.90

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

hybridsp3

2.28

Sanderson Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

2.138

oxidation state: 3

1.99

oxidation state: 1

2.08

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

1.74

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

11.33 eV

Pauling units

 1.916  

Allen Electronegativity

1.916

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

1.90

Boyd-Edgecombe Electronegativity

1.87

Ghosh-Gupta Electronegativity

5.5236 eV

Nagle Electronegativity

1.87

Pearson Absolute Electronegativity

4.77 eV

Smith Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

1.75

Chemical Hardness

3.38 eV

Cohesive Energy

per mole

446 kJ/mol    

per atom

  4.63 eV/atom

Quantity

Silicon Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

1 atm

1414 °C

1 bar

1685 ± 3 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

2900 °C

1.33×10-4 Pa

1080 °C

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

 98.9 W/(m K)

300 K

148 W/(m K)  

298.2 K

149 W/(m K)  

273.2 K

168 W/(m K)  

200 K

264 W/(m K)  

see all 44 conductivities ...

Critical Point

5159 K

Vapor Pressure

3264 °C

100 kPa

2748 °C

10 kPa

2363 °C

1 kPa

2066 °C

100 Pa

1829 °C

10 Pa

1635 °C

1 Pa

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

39.6 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

383.3 kJ/mol

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

19.99 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

0.712 J/(g K)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

645 K

Room Temperature ( 298 K )

692 K

Quantity

Silicon Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7440-21-3

DOT Number

powder, amorphous

1346

ICSC Number

1508

RTECS Number

VW0400000

UN Number

1346

Quantity

Silicon Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

118 pm

Orbital Radius

106.8 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

116 pm

double bond

107 pm

triple bond

102 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

111 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 4

40 pm  

coordination number: 6

54.0 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 4

26 pm  

coordination number: 6

40.0 pm

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: +4

 41 pm

ion charge: -4

271 pm

Pauling Univalent Radius

ion charge: +1

 65 pm

ion charge: -1

384 pm

Batsanov Crystallographic Van Der Waals Radius

2.1×102 pm

Batsanov Equilibrium Van Der Waals Radius

226 pm

Bondi Van Der Waals Radius

210 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

110 pm

Quantity

Silicon Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope

α-silicon

symbol

αSi

allotrope

β-silicon

symbol

βSi

allotrope

γ-silicon

symbol

γSi

allotrope

δ-silicon

symbol

δSi

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

235 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

5.00×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Silicon History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

1824

discoverer

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

birth

August 20, 1779

death

August 7, 1848

location of discovery

Stockholm, Sweden

Origin of Element Name

origin

silex

origin description

mineral—Latin for flint or hard stone

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Si

origin

silicon

origin description

element name

Formerly Used or Proposed Element Names and Symbols

name

silicium

no matching symbol specified

Quantity

Silicon Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

2.82×105 ppm

Earth's Mantle

21.22%

primitive mantle

Earth's Core

6.0%

Bulk Earth

16.1%

Ocean Water

1 ppm

Metalliferous Ocean Sediment

Basal

10.8%

Ridge

6.1%

River Water

4 ppm

U.S. Coal

2.7%

Human Body

1 g

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

17 ppm

Human Hair

20 ppm to 2×103 ppm

Human Kidney

14 ppm to 200 ppm

Human Liver

13 ppm to 120 ppm

Human Muscle

100 ppm to 200 ppm

Human Nail

310 ppm to 3500 ppm

Bacteria

180 ppm

Ferns

5500 ppm

Universe

0.00004

relative to hydrogen = 1.00000

Solar System

1.00×106

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Sun

7.55 ± 0.05

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Moon

Terrae

16.3 ± 1.0 %

Maria

16.9 ± 1.0 %

Average

16.4%

Meteorites

7.55

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Halley's Comet

185 ± 19 atoms

number of atoms for every 100 atoms of magnesium

Quantity

Silicon Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

silicium

German

Silicium

Italian

silicio

Spanish

silicio

Portuguese

silício

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

silicide (general)

Si-, silicide(•1-)

Si4-, silicide(4-)

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

silicon (general)

Si+, silicon(•1+)

Si4+, silicon(4+)

Ligands

silicido (general)

Si-, silicido(•1-)

Si4-, silicido(4-)

Heteroatomic Anion

silicate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

sila

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

sily

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

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