Numerari from KnowledgeDoor---The scientific calculator with graphing, unit keypads,
complex numbers, constants, advanced functions, user-defined keys, quick copy, and more! Learn more (Link leaves KnowledgeDoor website)

Polonium

Polonium Navigation

Other Elements

By Name

By Symbol

By Number

Quantity

Polonium Quick Reference

Click button to see citations

Notes

Symbol

Po

Atomic Number

84

Oxidation States

 6

less common

 4

more common

 2

less common with disagreement

-2

less common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

2.0

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

3P2

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I (1)

8.414 eV

Electron Affinity

  1.9 ± 0.3 eV   

15300 ± 2400 cm-1

Density

liquid, 527.15 K

8.630 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

9.200 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

22.97 cm3/mol

Melting Point

527.15 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

1235.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid, 300 K

20 W/(m K)

calculated provisional value

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

145 pm

double bond

135 pm

triple bond

129 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

10 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

100.8 kJ/mol

Quantity

Polonium Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I (1)

8.414 eV

Electron Affinity

  1.9 ± 0.3 eV   

15300 ± 2400 cm-1

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

93105 eV

LI   (2s)

16939 eV

LII  (2p1/2)

16244 eV

LIII (2p3/2)

13814 eV

see all 21 energies ...

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p4

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

3P2

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

82.3768

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

82.3768

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

30.9609

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

61.9218

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 15 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

82.4%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.965

ωL1

0.135

ωL2

0.424

ωL3

0.363

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.060

F13

0.62 

F23

0.115

Quantity

Polonium Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid, 527.15 K

8.630 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

9.200 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

22.97 cm3/mol

Physical Form

silvery metal

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

25 °C

23.5×10-6 K-1

Young's Modulus

26 GPa

Electrical Resistivity

solid, 295 K

46×10-8 Ohm m

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

26 GPa

estimated

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.038 GPa-1

estimated

Quantity

Polonium Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

 6

less common

 4

more common

 2

less common with disagreement

-2

less common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

2.0

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

hybrid16.7% s

2.48

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

1.76

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

13.0 eV

Pauling units

 2.19  

Nagle Electronegativity

1.96

Cohesive Energy

per mole

144 kJ/mol    

per atom

  1.50 eV/atom

Quantity

Polonium Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

527.15 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

1235.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid, 300 K

20 W/(m K)

calculated provisional value

Critical Point

2880 K

Vapor Pressure

963.3 °C

100 kPa

730.2 °C

10 kPa

573 °C

1 kPa

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

10 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

100.8 kJ/mol

Quantity

Polonium Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7440-08-6

Quantity

Polonium Atomic Size

Notes

Orbital Radius

121.2 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

145 pm

double bond

135 pm

triple bond

129 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

140 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 6

108 pm

coordination number: 8

122 pm

ion charge: +6, coordination number: 6

 81 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 6

 94 pm

coordination number: 8

108 pm

ion charge: +6, coordination number: 6

 67 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

190 pm

Quantity

Polonium Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope

α-polonium

symbol

αPo

allotrope

β-polonium

symbol

βPo

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

334 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

2.67×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Polonium History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

1898

discoverer

Marie Sklodowska Curie

birth

November 7, 1867

death

July 4, 1934

location of discovery

Paris, France

Origin of Element Name

origin

Poland

origin description

place

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Po

origin

polonium

origin description

element name

Formerly Used or Proposed Element Names and Symbols

name

radium F

no matching symbol specified

Quantity

Polonium Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

2×10-10 ppm

Ocean Water

2×10-14 ppm

Quantity

Polonium Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

polonium

German

Polonium

Italian

polonio

Spanish

polonio

Portuguese

polónio

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

polonide

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

polonium

Ligands

polonido

Heteroatomic Anion

polonate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

polona

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

polony

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

Andersen, T., H. K. Haugen, and H. Hotop. "Binding Energies in Atomic Negative Ions: III." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 28, number 6, 1999, pp. 1511–1533.

Bratsch, Steven G. "Revised Mulliken Electronegativities: I. Calculation and Conversion to Pauling Units." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 65, number 1, 1988, pp. 34–41. doi:10.1021/ed065p34

Campbell, J. L. "Fluorescence Yields and Coster–Kronig Probabilities for the Atomic L Subshells. Part II: The L1 Subshell Revisited." Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, volume 95, number 1, 2009, pp. 115–124. doi:10.1016/j.adt.2008.08.002

Campbell, J. L. "Fluorescence Yields and Coster–Kronig Probabilities for the Atomic L Subshells." Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, volume 85, number 2, 2003, pp. 291–315. doi:10.1016/S0092-640X(03)00059-7

Cardarelli, François. Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference, 2nd edition. London: Springer–Verlag, 2008.

Clementi, E., D. L. Raimondi, and W. P. Reinhardt. "Atomic Screening Constants from SCF Functions. II. Atoms with 37 to 86 Electrons." Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 47, number 4, 1967, pp. 1300–1307. doi:10.1063/1.1712084

Cohen, E. Richard, David R. Lide, and George L. Trigg, editors. AlP Physics Desk Reference, 3rd edition. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2003.

Connelly, Neil G., Ture Damhus, Richard M. Hartshorn, and Alan T. Hutton. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Cambridge: RSC Publishing, 2005.

Cordero, Beatriz, Verónica Gómez, Ana E. Platero-Prats, Marc Revés, Jorge Echeverría, Eduard Cremades, Flavia Barragán, and Santiago Alvarez. "Covalent Radii Revisited." Dalton Transactions, number 21, 2008, pp 2832–2838. doi:10.1039/b801115j

Cox, P. A. The Elements: Their Origin, Abundance and Distribution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

de Podesta, Michael. Understanding the Properties of Matter, 2nd edition. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.

Donohue, Jerry. The Structures Of The Elements, 2nd edition. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1974.

Dronskowski, Richard. Computational Chemistry of Solid State Materials. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005.

Ebbing, Darrell D., and Steven D. Gammon. General Chemistry, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.

Emsley, John. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Emsley, John. The Elements, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Firestone, Richard B. Table of Isotopes, 8th edition, volume 2. Edited by Virginia S. Shirley, with assistant editors Coral M. Baglin, S. Y. Frank Chu, and Jean Zipkin. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.

Greenwood, N. N., and A. Earnshaw. Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

Gwyn Williams. Electron Binding Energies. http://www.jlab.org/~gwyn/ebindene.html. Accessed on April 30, 2010.

Ho, C. Y., R. W. Powell, and P. E. Liley. "Thermal Conductivity of the Elements: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 3, supplement 1, 1974, pp. I–1 to I–796.

Horvath, A. L. "Critical Temperature of Elements and the Periodic System." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 50, number 5, 1973, pp. 335–336. doi:10.1021/ed050p335

Huheey, James E., Ellen A. Keiter, and Richard L Keiter. Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993.

Jr., Elbert J. Little,, and Mark M. Jones. "A Complete Table of Electronegativities." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 37, number 5, 1960, pp. 231–233. doi:10.1021/ed037p231

King, H. W. "Temperature-Dependent Allotropic Structures of the Elements." Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams, volume 3, number 2, 1982, pp. 275–276. doi:10.1007/BF02892394

Kittel, Charles. Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005.

Liboff, Richard L. Introductory Quantum Mechanics, 3rd edition. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998.

Lide, David R., editor. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th edition. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

Mann, Joseph B., Terry L. Meek, and Leland C. Allen. "Configuration Energies of the Main Group Elements." Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 122, number 12, 2000, pp. 2780–2783. doi:10.1021/ja992866e

Marshall, James L. Discovery of the Elements: A Search for the Fundamental Principles of the Universe, 2nd edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002.

Martin, W. C. "Electronic Structure of the Elements." The European Physical Journal C — Particles and Fields, volume 15, number 1–4, 2000, pp. 78–79. doi:10.1007/BF02683401

Miessler, Gary L., and Donald A. Tarr. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

Nagle, Jeffrey K. "Atomic Polarizability and Electronegativity." Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 112, number 12, 1990, pp. 4741–4747. doi:10.1021/ja00168a019

Nobel Foundation. Marie Curie: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-bio.html. Accessed on July 15, 2009.

Nobel Foundation. Marie Curie: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html. Accessed on July 15, 2009.

Oxtoby, David W., H. P. Gillis, and Alan Campion. Principles of Modern Chemistry, 6th edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2008.

Pauling, Linus. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960.

Pekka Pyykkö. Self-Consistent, Year-2009 Covalent Radii. http://www.chem.helsinki.fi/~pyykko/Radii09.pdf. Accessed on November 20, 2010.

Pyykkö, Pekka, and Michiko Atsumi. "Molecular Double-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements Li-E112." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 15, number 46, 2009, pp. 12770–12779. doi:10.1002/chem.200901472

Pyykkö, Pekka, and Michiko Atsumi. "Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 15, number 1, 2009, pp. 186–197. doi:10.1002/chem.200800987

Pyykkö, Pekka, Sebastian Riedel, and Michael Patzschke. "Triple-Bond Covalent Radii." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 11, number 12, 2005, pp. 3511–3520. doi:10.1002/chem.200401299

Quadbeck-Seeger, Hans-Jürgen. World of the Elements: Elements of the World. Translated by José Oliveira. Bad Dürkheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2007.

Ringnes, Vivi. "Origin of the Names of Chemical Elements." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 66, number 9, 1989, pp. 731–738. doi:10.1021/ed066p731

Sansonetti, J. E., and W. C. Martin. "Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data." Journal Of Physical And Chemical Reference Data, volume 34, number 4, 2005, pp. 1559–2259. doi:10.1063/1.1800011

Scientific Group Thermodata Europe (SGTE). Pure Substances: Part 1—Elements and Compounds from AgBr to Ba3N2. Edited by I. Hurtado and D. Neuschütz. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999. doi:10.1007/10652891_3

Shannon, R. D. "Revised Effective Ionic Radii and Systematic Studies of Interatomic Distances in Halides and Chalcogenides." Acta Crystallographica Section A, volume 32, number 5, 1976, pp. 751–767. doi:10.1107/S0567739476001551

Silbey, Robert J., Robert A. Alberty, and Moungi G. Bawendi. Physical Chemistry, 4th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

Singman, Charles N. "Atomic Volume and Allotropy of the Elements." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 61, number 2, 1984, pp. 137–142. doi:10.1021/ed061p137

Slater, J. C. "Atomic Radii in Crystals." The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 41, number 10, 1964, pp. 3199–3204. doi:10.1063/1.1725697

Vainshtein, Boris K., Vladimir M. Fridkin, and Vladimir L. Indenbom. Structure of Crystals, 2nd edition. Modern Crystallography 2. Edited by Boris K. Vainshtein, A. A. Chernov, and L. A. Shuvalov. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

Waber, J. T., and Don T. Cromer. "Orbital Radii of Atoms and Ions." Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 42, number 12, 1965, pp. 4116–4123. doi:10.1063/1.1695904

Waldron, Kimberley A., Erin M. Fehringer, Amy E. Streeb, Jennifer E. Trosky, and Joshua J. Pearson. "Screening Percentages Based on Slater Effective Nuclear Charge as a Versatile Tool for Teaching Periodic Trends." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 78, number 5, 2001, pp. 635–639. doi:10.1021/ed078p635

Weeks, Mary Elvira, and Henry M. Leicester. Discovery of the Elements, 7th edition. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education, 1968.

Yaws, Carl L. "Liquid Density of the Elements." Chemical Engineering, volume 114, number 12, 2007, pp. 44–46.

Yaws, Carl L. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company, 2005.

Heaven's Boulevard astronomical
sky image for any location, date, and time. Personalize with a picture and message. Great gift for birthdays, anniversaries, or any special event. Learn more (Link leaves KnowledgeDoor website)