Numerari from KnowledgeDoor---The scientific calculator with graphing, unit keypads, complex numbers, constants, advanced functions, user-defined keys, quick copy, and more! Learn more (Link leaves KnowledgeDoor website)

Radium

Radium Navigation

Other Elements

By Name

By Symbol

By Number

Quantity

Radium Quick Reference

Click button to see citations

Notes

Symbol

Ra

Atomic Number

88

Oxidation States

2

Pauling Electronegativity

0.9

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Rn] 7s2

[Rn] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of radon

Orbital Filling Order

[Rn] 7s2

[Rn] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of radon

Term Symbol

1S0

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I  (1)

 5.278423 eV

II (2)

10.14715 eV 

Electron Affinity

0.10 eV

Density

liquid, 973.15 K

4.615 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

5.000 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

41.09 cm3/mol

Melting Point

973.15 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

1799.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid, 293 K

18.6 W/(m K)

provisional value

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

201 pm

double bond

173 pm

triple bond

159 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

7.15 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

136.8 kJ/mol

Quantity

Radium Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I  (1)

 5.278423 eV

II (2)

10.14715 eV 

Electron Affinity

0.10 eV

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

103922 eV

LI   (2s)

 19237 eV

LII  (2p1/2)

 18484 eV

LIII (2p3/2)

 15444 eV

see all 24 energies ...

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Rn] 7s2

[Rn] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of radon

Orbital Filling Order

[Rn] 7s2

[Rn] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of radon

Term Symbol

1S0

see expanded configuration ...

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.968

ωL1

0.150

ωL2

0.476

ωL3

0.404

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.047

F13

0.62 

F23

0.107

Quantity

Radium Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid, 973.15 K

4.615 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

5.000 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

41.09 cm3/mol

Physical Form

white metal

Young's Modulus

13.2 GPa

Electrical Resistivity

solid, 293 K

41×10-8 Ohm m

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

13.2 GPa

estimated

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.076 GPa-1

estimated

Gram Atomic Volume

45 cm3

Quantity

Radium Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

2

Pauling Electronegativity

0.9

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

hybridsp

0.92

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

0.97

Nagle Electronegativity

0.99

Cohesive Energy

per mole

160 kJ/mol    

per atom

  1.66 eV/atom

Quantity

Radium Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

973.15 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

1799.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid, 293 K

18.6 W/(m K)

provisional value

Critical Point

3510 K

Vapor Pressure

1526 °C

100 kPa

1173 °C

10 kPa

936 °C

1 kPa

764 °C

100 Pa

633 °C

10 Pa

546 °C

1 Pa

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

7.15 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

136.8 kJ/mol

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

89 K

Quantity

Radium Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7440-14-4

Quantity

Radium Atomic Size

Notes

Orbital Radius

204.2 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

201 pm

double bond

173 pm

triple bond

159 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

221 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +2

coordination number: 8

162 pm

coordination number: 12

184 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +2

coordination number: 8

148 pm

coordination number: 12

170 pm

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: +2

140 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

215 pm

Quantity

Radium History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

1898

discoverer

Marie Sklodowska Curie

birth

November 7, 1867

death

July 4, 1934

discoverer

Pierre Curie

birth

May 15, 1859

death

April 19, 1906

location of discovery

Paris, France

Origin of Element Name

origin

radius

origin description

property—Latin for ray

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Ra

origin

radium

origin description

element name

U.S. Towns Named After Elements

Radium, Colorado

Radium, Kansas

Radium Springs, Georgia

Quantity

Radium Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

9×10-7 ppm

Ocean Water

1×10-10 ppm

River Water

4×10-10 ppm

Human Body

31×10-9 mg

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

4×10-9 ppm

Human Hair

19×10-9 ppm

Human Kidney

6×10-9 ppm

Human Liver

0.72×10-9 ppm

Human Muscle

0.23×10-9 ppm

Quantity

Radium Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

radium

German

Radium

Italian

radio

Spanish

radio

Portuguese

rádio

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

radide

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

radium

Ligands

radido

Heteroatomic Anion

radate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

rada

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

rady

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

Bowen, H. J. M. Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. London: Academic Press, Inc., 1979.

Bratsch, Steven G. "Revised Mulliken Electronegativities: I. Calculation and Conversion to Pauling Units." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 65, number 1, 1988, pp. 34–41. doi:10.1021/ed065p34

Campbell, J. L. "Fluorescence Yields and Coster–Kronig Probabilities for the Atomic L Subshells. Part II: The L1 Subshell Revisited." Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, volume 95, number 1, 2009, pp. 115–124. doi:10.1016/j.adt.2008.08.002

Campbell, J. L. "Fluorescence Yields and Coster–Kronig Probabilities for the Atomic L Subshells." Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, volume 85, number 2, 2003, pp. 291–315. doi:10.1016/S0092-640X(03)00059-7

Cardarelli, François. Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference, 2nd edition. London: Springer–Verlag, 2008.

Chi, T. C. "Electrical Resistivity of Alkaline Earth Elements." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 8, number 2, 1979, pp. 439–498.

Cohen, E. Richard, David R. Lide, and George L. Trigg, editors. AlP Physics Desk Reference, 3rd edition. New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 2003.

Connelly, Neil G., Ture Damhus, Richard M. Hartshorn, and Alan T. Hutton. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Cambridge: RSC Publishing, 2005.

Cordero, Beatriz, Verónica Gómez, Ana E. Platero-Prats, Marc Revés, Jorge Echeverría, Eduard Cremades, Flavia Barragán, and Santiago Alvarez. "Covalent Radii Revisited." Dalton Transactions, number 21, 2008, pp 2832–2838. doi:10.1039/b801115j

Cox, P. A. The Elements: Their Origin, Abundance and Distribution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

de Podesta, Michael. Understanding the Properties of Matter, 2nd edition. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.

Dronskowski, Richard. Computational Chemistry of Solid State Materials. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005.

Dzuba, V. A., and G. F. Gribakin. "Fine Structure of Ca-, Sr-, Ba-, and Ra- from the Many-Body Theory Calculation." Physical Review A, volume 55, number 3, 1997, pp. 2443–2446. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.55.2443

Emsley, John. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Emsley, John. The Elements, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Firestone, Richard B. Table of Isotopes, 8th edition, volume 2. Edited by Virginia S. Shirley, with assistant editors Coral M. Baglin, S. Y. Frank Chu, and Jean Zipkin. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.

Greenwood, N. N., and A. Earnshaw. Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.

Gwyn Williams. Electron Binding Energies. http://www.jlab.org/~gwyn/ebindene.html. Accessed on April 30, 2010.

Ho, C. Y., R. W. Powell, and P. E. Liley. "Thermal Conductivity of the Elements: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, volume 3, supplement 1, 1974, pp. I–1 to I–796.

Horvath, A. L. "Critical Temperature of Elements and the Periodic System." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 50, number 5, 1973, pp. 335–336. doi:10.1021/ed050p335

Huheey, James E., Ellen A. Keiter, and Richard L Keiter. Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993.

Jr., Elbert J. Little,, and Mark M. Jones. "A Complete Table of Electronegativities." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 37, number 5, 1960, pp. 231–233. doi:10.1021/ed037p231

Kittel, Charles. Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005.

Klickstein, Herbert S. "Pierre Curie—An Appreciation of His Scientific Achievements." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 24, number 6, 1947, pp. 278–282. doi:10.1021/ed024p278

Liboff, Richard L. Introductory Quantum Mechanics, 3rd edition. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1998.

Lide, David R., editor. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th edition. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008.

Marshall, James L. Discovery of the Elements: A Search for the Fundamental Principles of the Universe, 2nd edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002.

Martin, W. C. "Electronic Structure of the Elements." The European Physical Journal C — Particles and Fields, volume 15, number 1–4, 2000, pp. 78–79. doi:10.1007/BF02683401

Mechtly, Eugene A. "Properties of Materials." pp. 4–1 to 4–33 in Reference Data For Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computer, and Communications. By Mac E. Van Valkenburg, edited by Wendy M. Middleton. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. doi:10.1016/B978-075067291-7/50006-6

Miessler, Gary L., and Donald A. Tarr. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

Nagle, Jeffrey K. "Atomic Polarizability and Electronegativity." Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 112, number 12, 1990, pp. 4741–4747. doi:10.1021/ja00168a019

Nobel Foundation. Marie Curie: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-bio.html. Accessed on July 15, 2009.

Nobel Foundation. Marie Curie: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/marie-curie-bio.html. Accessed on July 15, 2009.

Nobel Foundation. Pierre Curie: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/pierre-curie-bio.html. Accessed on July 15, 2009.

Oxtoby, David W., H. P. Gillis, and Alan Campion. Principles of Modern Chemistry, 6th edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2008.

Pauling, Linus. The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960.

Pekka Pyykkö. Self-Consistent, Year-2009 Covalent Radii. http://www.chem.helsinki.fi/~pyykko/Radii09.pdf. Accessed on November 20, 2010.

Pyykkö, Pekka, and Michiko Atsumi. "Molecular Double-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements Li-E112." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 15, number 46, 2009, pp. 12770–12779. doi:10.1002/chem.200901472

Pyykkö, Pekka, and Michiko Atsumi. "Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 15, number 1, 2009, pp. 186–197. doi:10.1002/chem.200800987

Pyykkö, Pekka, Sebastian Riedel, and Michael Patzschke. "Triple-Bond Covalent Radii." Chemistry - A European Journal, volume 11, number 12, 2005, pp. 3511–3520. doi:10.1002/chem.200401299

Quadbeck-Seeger, Hans-Jürgen. World of the Elements: Elements of the World. Translated by José Oliveira. Bad Dürkheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2007.

Ringnes, Vivi. "Origin of the Names of Chemical Elements." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 66, number 9, 1989, pp. 731–738. doi:10.1021/ed066p731

Rohrer, Gregory S. Structure and Bonding in Crystalline Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Sansonetti, J. E., and W. C. Martin. "Handbook of Basic Atomic Spectroscopic Data." Journal Of Physical And Chemical Reference Data, volume 34, number 4, 2005, pp. 1559–2259. doi:10.1063/1.1800011

Shannon, R. D. "Revised Effective Ionic Radii and Systematic Studies of Interatomic Distances in Halides and Chalcogenides." Acta Crystallographica Section A, volume 32, number 5, 1976, pp. 751–767. doi:10.1107/S0567739476001551

Silbey, Robert J., Robert A. Alberty, and Moungi G. Bawendi. Physical Chemistry, 4th edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005.

Singman, Charles N. "Atomic Volume and Allotropy of the Elements." Journal of Chemical Education, volume 61, number 2, 1984, pp. 137–142. doi:10.1021/ed061p137

Slater, J. C. "Atomic Radii in Crystals." The Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 41, number 10, 1964, pp. 3199–3204. doi:10.1063/1.1725697

Vainshtein, Boris K., Vladimir M. Fridkin, and Vladimir L. Indenbom. Structure of Crystals, 2nd edition. Modern Crystallography 2. Edited by Boris K. Vainshtein, A. A. Chernov, and L. A. Shuvalov. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

Waber, J. T., and Don T. Cromer. "Orbital Radii of Atoms and Ions." Journal of Chemical Physics, volume 42, number 12, 1965, pp. 4116–4123. doi:10.1063/1.1695904

Weeks, Mary Elvira, and Henry M. Leicester. Discovery of the Elements, 7th edition. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education, 1968.

Yaws, Carl L. "Liquid Density of the Elements." Chemical Engineering, volume 114, number 12, 2007, pp. 44–46.

Yaws, Carl L. The Yaws Handbook of Physical Properties for Hydrocarbons and Chemicals. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company, 2005.

Heaven's Boulevard astronomical sky image for any location, date, and time. Personalize with a picture and message. Great gift for birthdays, anniversaries, or any special event. Learn more
(Link leaves KnowledgeDoor website)