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Chromium

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Chromium Quick Reference

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Notes

Symbol

Cr

Atomic Number

24

Atomic Weight

Rounded

51.996

for regular calculations

Standard

51.9961 ± 0.0006

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

 6

more common with disagreement

 5

less common

 4

less common

 3

more common

 2

more common with disagreement

 1

less common

 0

less common

-1

less common

-2

less common

-3

less common

-4

less common

Pauling Electronegativity

oxidation state: 2

1.66

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Ar] 3d5 4s1

[Ar] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of argon

Orbital Filling Order

[Ar] 4s1 3d5

[Ar] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of argon

Term Symbol

7S3

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 6.76651 eV    

II  (2)

16.4857 eV     

III (3)

30.96 ± 0.02 eV

IV  (4)

49.16 ± 0.05 eV

see all 24 energies ...

Electron Affinity

0.67584 ± 0.00012 eV

 5451.0 ± 1.0 cm-1  

Density

liquid

2223 K

6.00 ± 0.13 g/ml

2180.15 K

6.460 g/ml 

solid

2000 K

6.69 g/cm3 

1500 K

6.91 g/cm3 

1100 K

7.04 g/cm3 

400 K

7.20 g/cm3 

25 °C

7.150 g/cm3

see all 21 densities ...

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

7.23 cm3/mol

Melting Point

1 bar

2130 ± 20 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

2944.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

 90.9 W/(m K)

300 K

 93.7 W/(m K)

298.2 K

 93.9 W/(m K)

273.2 K

 96.5 W/(m K)

200 K

111 W/(m K)  

see all 49 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

122 pm

double bond

111 pm

triple bond

103 pm

Atomic Radius

129 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

15.3 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

348.78 kJ/mol

Quantity

Chromium Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 6.76651 eV    

II  (2)

16.4857 eV     

III (3)

30.96 ± 0.02 eV

IV  (4)

49.16 ± 0.05 eV

see all 24 energies ...

Electron Affinity

0.67584 ± 0.00012 eV

 5451.0 ± 1.0 cm-1  

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

5989 eV  

LI   (2s)

 696.0 eV

LII  (2p1/2)

 583.8 eV

LIII (2p3/2)

 574.1 eV

see all 7 energies ...

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Ar] 3d5 4s1

[Ar] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of argon

Orbital Filling Order

[Ar] 4s1 3d5

[Ar] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of argon

Term Symbol

7S3

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

23.4138

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

23.4138

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

 8.4919

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

16.984 

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 7 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

80.4%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.288  

ωL1

0.00071

ωL2

0.0037 

ωL3

0.0037 

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.31

F13

0.57

Quantity

Chromium Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid

2223 K

6.00 ± 0.13 g/ml

2180.15 K

6.460 g/ml 

solid

2000 K

6.69 g/cm3 

1500 K

6.91 g/cm3 

1100 K

7.04 g/cm3 

400 K

7.20 g/cm3 

25 °C

7.150 g/cm3

see all 21 densities ...

Molar Mass

Rounded

51.996 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

51.9961 ± 0.0006 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

7.23 cm3/mol

Physical Form

blue-white metal

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

25 °C

4.9×10-6 K-1

Speed of Sound

solid, 20 °C

longitudinal wave

6608 m/s

shear wave

4005 m/s

Specific Gravity

68 °F, water at 4 °C (39.2 °F)

7.14

Young's Modulus

279 GPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.210

Electrical Resistivity

solid, 295 K

12.9×10-8 Ohm m

Contact Potential

4.38 eV

Photoelectric Work Function

4.37 eV

Thermionic Work Function

4.60 eV

Mineralogical Hardness

8.5

Vickers Hardness

smelted in vacuum

293 K

1060 MN/m2

673 K

 687 MN/m2

see all 6 hardnesses ...

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

190.1 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.00526 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

7 cm3

Quantity

Chromium Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

 6

more common with disagreement

 5

less common

 4

less common

 3

more common

 2

more common with disagreement

 1

less common

 0

less common

-1

less common

-2

less common

-3

less common

-4

less common

Pauling Electronegativity

oxidation state: 2

1.66

Sanderson Electronegativity

oxidation state: 6

3.37

oxidation state: 5

2.83

oxidation state: 4

2.29

oxidation state: 3

1.66

oxidation state: 2

1.24

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.56

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

9.77 eV

Pauling units

1.65   

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 2

1.66

Ghosh-Gupta Electronegativity

3.2951 eV

Nagle Electronegativity

1.29

Pearson Absolute Electronegativity

3.72 eV

Smith Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

2.05

oxidation state: 3

1.65

oxidation state: 2

1.65

Chemical Hardness

3.06 eV

Cohesive Energy

per mole

395 kJ/mol    

per atom

  4.10 eV/atom

Quantity

Chromium Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

1 bar

2130 ± 20 K

Boiling Point

1 atm

2944.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

 90.9 W/(m K)

300 K

 93.7 W/(m K)

298.2 K

 93.9 W/(m K)

273.2 K

 96.5 W/(m K)

200 K

111 W/(m K)  

see all 49 conductivities ...

Critical Point

4700 K

Vapor Pressure

2669 °C

100 kPa

2257 °C

10 kPa

1950 °C

1 kPa

1718 °C

100 Pa

1534 °C

10 Pa

1383 °C

1 Pa

Neel Point

strain-free single crystal

311 K

nanocrystalline

120 ± 10 K

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

15.3 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

348.78 kJ/mol

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

23.35 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

0.449 J/(g K)

Electronic Heat Capacity Coefficient

1.42 mJ/(mol K2)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

606 K

Room Temperature ( 298 K )

424 K

Quantity

Chromium Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7440-47-3

ICSC Number

0029

RTECS Number

GB4200000

Quantity

Chromium Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

129 pm

Orbital Radius

145.3 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

122 pm

double bond

111 pm

triple bond

103 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

139 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +2, coordination number: 6

low spin

87 pm  

high spin

94 pm  

ion charge: +3, coordination number: 6

75.5 pm

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 4

55 pm  

coordination number: 6

69 pm  

ion charge: +5

coordination number: 4

48.5 pm

coordination number: 6

63 pm  

coordination number: 8

71 pm  

ion charge: +6

coordination number: 4

40 pm  

coordination number: 6

58 pm  

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +2, coordination number: 6

low spin

73 pm  

high spin

80 pm  

ion charge: +3, coordination number: 6

61.5 pm

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 4

41 pm  

coordination number: 6

55 pm  

ion charge: +5

coordination number: 4

34.5 pm

coordination number: 6

49 pm  

coordination number: 8

57 pm  

ion charge: +6

coordination number: 4

26 pm  

coordination number: 6

44 pm  

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: +4

56 pm

ion charge: +3

69 pm

ion charge: +2

84 pm

Pauling Univalent Radius

ion charge: +1

81 pm

Batsanov Crystallographic Van Der Waals Radius

205 pm

Batsanov Equilibrium Van Der Waals Radius

223 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

140 pm

Quantity

Chromium Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope

α-chromium

symbol

αCr

allotrope

α'-chromium

symbol

α'Cr

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

250 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

8.33×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Chromium History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

1797

discoverer

Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin

birth

May 16, 1763

death

November 14, 1829

location of discovery

Paris, France

Origin of Element Name

origin

khroma

origin description

color—Greek for color

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Cr

origin

chromium

origin description

element name

Formerly Used or Proposed Element Names and Symbols

symbol

Ch

Quantity

Chromium Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

1.02×102 ppm

Earth's Mantle

2520 ppm

primitive mantle

Earth's Core

0.90%

Bulk Earth

4700 ppm

Ocean Water

0.0006 ppm

Metalliferous Ocean Sediment

Basal

15 ppm

Ridge

55 ppm

River Water

0.001 ppm

U.S. Coal

15 ppm

Human Body

14 mg

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

0.1 ppm to 33 ppm

Human Hair

0.13 ppm to 3.6 ppm

Human Kidney

0.05 ppm to 4.7 ppm

Human Liver

0.02 ppm to 3.3 ppm

Human Muscle

0.024 ppm to 0.84 ppm

Human Nail

6 ppm

Bacteria

4 ppm

Ferns

1.9 ppm

Fungi

2.6 ppm

Solar System

1.35×104

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Sun

5.67 ± 0.03

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Meteorites

5.68 ± 0.01

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Halley's Comet

0.9 ± 0.2 atoms

number of atoms for every 100 atoms of magnesium

Quantity

Chromium Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

chrome

German

Chrom

Italian

cromo

Spanish

cromo

Portuguese

crómio

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

chromide

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

chromium (general)

Cr2+, chromium(2+)

Cr3+, chromium(3+)

Ligands

chromido

Heteroatomic Anion

chromate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

chroma

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

chromy

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

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