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Bismuth

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Bismuth Quick Reference

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Notes

Symbol

Bi

Atomic Number

83

Atomic Weight

Rounded

208.98

for regular calculations

Standard

208.98040 ± 0.00001

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

 5

less common

 3

more common

 1

less common

-3

less common

Pauling Electronegativity

2.02

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

4S3/2

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 7.2855 eV

II  (2)

16.703 eV 

III (3)

25.56 eV  

IV  (4)

45.3 eV   

see all 6 energies ...

Electron Affinity

0.942362 ± 0.000013 eV

 7600.66 ± 0.10 cm-1  

Density

liquid, 544.54 K

10.064 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

 9.790 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

21.31 cm3/mol

Melting Point

1 atm

544.552 K

ITS-90 first-quality, secondary reference point (freezing point)

Boiling Point

1 atm

1837.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

300 K

polycrystalline

7.87 W/(m K)

parallel to trigonal-axis

5.28 W/(m K)

perpendicular to trigonal-axis

9.15 W/(m K)

273.2 K

polycrystalline

8.20 W/(m K)

parallel to trigonal-axis

5.54 W/(m K)

perpendicular to trigonal-axis

9.53 W/(m K)

see all 49 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

151 pm

double bond

141 pm

triple bond

135 pm

Atomic Radius

182 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

10.48 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

179.1 kJ/mol

Quantity

Bismuth Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 7.2855 eV

II  (2)

16.703 eV 

III (3)

25.56 eV  

IV  (4)

45.3 eV   

see all 6 energies ...

Electron Affinity

0.942362 ± 0.000013 eV

 7600.66 ± 0.10 cm-1  

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

90526 eV  

LI   (2s)

16388 eV  

LII  (2p1/2)

15711 eV  

LIII (2p3/2)

13419 eV  

see all 21 energies ...

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

4S3/2

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

81.3982

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

81.3982

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

30.5880

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

61.1760

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 15 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

83.0%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.964

ωL1

0.132

ωL2

0.411

ωL3

0.353

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.063

F13

0.62 

F23

0.117

Quantity

Bismuth Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid, 544.54 K

10.064 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

 9.790 g/cm3

Molar Mass

Rounded

208.98 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

208.98040 ± 0.00001 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

21.31 cm3/mol

Physical Form

gray-white soft metal

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

25 °C

13.4×10-6 K-1

Speed of Sound

liquid

1640 m/s to 1660 m/s

solid, 293 K

1790 m/s

calculated value

Young's Modulus

34 GPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.330

Electrical Resistivity

solid, 295 K

116×10-8 Ohm m

Contact Potential

4.17 eV

Photoelectric Work Function

4.25 eV

Superconducting Transition Temperature

9.1 GPa

8.5 K

maximum temperature

Mineralogical Hardness

2.25

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

31.5 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.0317 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

21 cm3

Quantity

Bismuth Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

 5

less common

 3

more common

 1

less common

-3

less common

Pauling Electronegativity

2.02

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

hybrid20% s

2.15

Sanderson Electronegativity

2.342

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

1.67

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

11.9 eV

Pauling units

 2.01  

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

2.02

Nagle Electronegativity

1.83

Pearson Absolute Electronegativity

4.69 eV

Smith Electronegativity

oxidation state: 3

1.95

Chemical Hardness

3.74 eV

Cohesive Energy

per mole

210 kJ/mol    

per atom

  2.18 eV/atom

Quantity

Bismuth Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

1 atm

544.552 K

ITS-90 first-quality, secondary reference point (freezing point)

Boiling Point

1 atm

1837.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

300 K

polycrystalline

7.87 W/(m K)

parallel to trigonal-axis

5.28 W/(m K)

perpendicular to trigonal-axis

9.15 W/(m K)

273.2 K

polycrystalline

8.20 W/(m K)

parallel to trigonal-axis

5.54 W/(m K)

perpendicular to trigonal-axis

9.53 W/(m K)

see all 49 conductivities ...

Critical Point

4620 K

Vapor Pressure

1562 °C

100 kPa

1265 °C

10 kPa

1052 °C

1 kPa

892 °C

100 Pa

768 °C

10 Pa

668 °C

1 Pa

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

10.48 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

179.1 kJ/mol

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

25.52 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

0.122 J/(g K)

Electronic Heat Capacity Coefficient

0.0085 mJ/(mol K2)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

120 K

Room Temperature ( 298 K )

116 K

Quantity

Bismuth Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7440-69-9

Quantity

Bismuth Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

182 pm

Orbital Radius

129.5 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

151 pm

double bond

141 pm

triple bond

135 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

148 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 5

110 pm

coordination number: 6

117 pm

coordination number: 8

131 pm

ion charge: +5, coordination number: 6

 90 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +3

coordination number: 5

 96 pm

coordination number: 6

103 pm

coordination number: 8

117 pm

ion charge: +5, coordination number: 6

 76 pm

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: +5

74 pm

Pauling Univalent Radius

ion charge: +1

98 pm

Batsanov Crystallographic Van Der Waals Radius

2.3×102 pm

Batsanov Equilibrium Van Der Waals Radius

352 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

160 pm

Quantity

Bismuth Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope

α-bismuth

symbol

αBi

allotrope

β-bismuth

symbol

βBi

allotrope

γ-bismuth

symbol

γBi

allotrope

δ-bismuth

symbol

δBi

allotrope

ε-bismuth

symbol

εBi

allotrope

ζ-bismuth

symbol

ζBi

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

307 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

2.82×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Bismuth History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

circa 1500

discoverer

unknown

location of discovery

Central Europe

Origin of Element Name

origin

bisemutum

origin description

word—German

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Bi

origin

bismuth

origin description

element name

Quantity

Bismuth Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

8.5×10-3 ppm

Earth's Mantle

5 ppb

primitive mantle

Earth's Core

0.03 ppm

Bulk Earth

0.01 ppm

Ocean Water

2×10-5 ppm

Metalliferous Ocean Sediment

Basal

0.17 ppm

U.S. Coal

<1.0 ppm

estimated from USGS and literature data

Human Body

<0.5 mg

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

<0.2 ppm

Human Hair

2 ppm

Human Liver

0.015 ppm to 0.33 ppm

Human Muscle

0.032 ppm

Human Nail

1.3 ppm

Solar System

0.144

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Meteorites

0.70 ± 0.06

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Quantity

Bismuth Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

bismuth

German

Wismut

Italian

bismuto

Spanish

bismuto

Portuguese

bismuto

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

bismuthide (general)

Bi3-, bismuthide(3-), bismuthanetriide

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

bismuth

Ligands

bismuthido (general)

Bi3-, bismuthido(3-), bismuthanetriido

Heteroatomic Anion

bismuthate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

bisma

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

bismy

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

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