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Lead

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Lead Quick Reference

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Notes

Symbol

Pb

Atomic Number

82

Atomic Weight

Rounded

207.2

for regular calculations

Standard

206.14 to 207.94

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

4

less common with disagreement

2

more common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

2.33

oxidation state: 2

1.87

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

3P0

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 7.41663 eV

II  (2)

15.03248 eV

III (3)

31.9373 eV 

IV  (4)

42.32 eV   

V   (5)

68.8 eV    

Electron Affinity

0.364 ± 0.008 eV

 2940 ± 60 cm-1 

Density

liquid, 923.15 K

10.265 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

11.300 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

18.26 cm3/mol

Melting Point

1 atm

600.612 K

ITS-90 first-quality, secondary reference point (freezing point)

Boiling Point

1 atm

2022.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

34.0 W/(m K)

300 K

35.3 W/(m K)

298.2 K

35.3 W/(m K)

273.2 K

35.6 W/(m K)

200 K

36.7 W/(m K)

see all 45 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

144 pm

double bond

135 pm

triple bond

137 pm

Atomic Radius

175 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

5.121 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

179.4 kJ/mol

Quantity

Lead Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 7.41663 eV

II  (2)

15.03248 eV

III (3)

31.9373 eV 

IV  (4)

42.32 eV   

V   (5)

68.8 eV    

Electron Affinity

0.364 ± 0.008 eV

 2940 ± 60 cm-1 

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

88005 eV  

LI   (2s)

15861 eV  

LII  (2p1/2)

15200 eV  

LIII (2p3/2)

13035 eV  

see all 21 energies ...

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Orbital Filling Order

[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2

[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon

Term Symbol

3P0

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

80.4195

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

80.4195

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

30.2150

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

60.4300

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 15 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

83.6%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.963

ωL1

0.128

ωL2

0.397

ωL3

0.343

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.066

F13

0.62 

F23

0.119

Quantity

Lead Physical Properties

Notes

Density

liquid, 923.15 K

10.265 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

11.300 g/cm3

Molar Mass

Rounded

207.2 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

206.14 g/mol to 207.94 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

18.26 cm3/mol

Physical Form

soft silvery-gray metal

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

25 °C

28.9×10-6 K-1

293 K

29×10-6 K-1

280 K

28.9×10-6 K-1

273 K

28.8×10-6 K-1

260 K

28.5×10-6 K-1

see all 23 coefficients ...

Speed of Sound

solid

room temperature, rolled, longitudinal wave

1960 m/s

room temperature, rolled, shear wave

 690 m/s

room temperature, rolled, extensional wave

1210 m/s

room temperature, annealed, extensional wave

1190 m/s

20 °C

longitudinal wave

2160 m/s

shear wave

 700 m/s

288 K to 293 K

1260 m/s

Specific Gravity

68 °F, water at 4 °C (39.2 °F)

11.34 

20 °C, water at 20 °C

11.337

Young's Modulus

16.1 GPa

Poisson's Ratio

0.440

Electrical Resistivity

solid, 295 K

21.0×10-8 Ohm m

Contact Potential

3.94 eV

Photoelectric Work Function

4.05 eV

Superconducting Transition Temperature

7.1997 K

ITS-90 first-quality, secondary reference point

Superconducting Critical Magnetic Field at Absolute Zero

803×10-4 T

Superconducting Energy Gap

0 K

27.3×10-4 eV

Mineralogical Hardness

1.5

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

43.0 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.0233 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

18 cm3

Quantity

Lead Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

4

less common with disagreement

2

more common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

2.33

oxidation state: 2

1.87

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4, hybridsp3

2.41

oxidation state: 2, orbitalp

1.16

Sanderson Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

2.291

oxidation state: 2

1.92

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

1.55

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

10.97 eV

Pauling units

 1.854  

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

2.33

Nagle Electronegativity

1.76

Pearson Absolute Electronegativity

3.90 eV

Smith Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

2.15

oxidation state: 2

1.7

Free Electron Fermi Surface Parameters

300 K

electron concentration

13.20×1022 cm-3

radius parameter

2.30

fermi wavevector

1.57×108 cm-1

fermi velocity

1.82×108 cm/s

fermi energy

9.37 eV

fermi temperature

10.87×104 K

Chemical Hardness

3.53 eV

Cohesive Energy

per mole

196 kJ/mol    

per atom

  2.03 eV/atom

Quantity

Lead Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

1 atm

600.612 K

ITS-90 first-quality, secondary reference point (freezing point)

Boiling Point

1 atm

2022.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

34.0 W/(m K)

300 K

35.3 W/(m K)

298.2 K

35.3 W/(m K)

273.2 K

35.6 W/(m K)

200 K

36.7 W/(m K)

see all 45 conductivities ...

Critical Point

5400 K

Vapor Pressure

1754 °C

100 kPa

1387 °C

10 kPa

1139 °C

1 kPa

see all 16 pressures ...

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

5.121 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

179.4 kJ/mol

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

26.84 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

0.130 J/(g K)

Electronic Heat Capacity Coefficient

2.99 mJ/(mol K2)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

105 K

Room Temperature ( 298 K )

 87 K

Quantity

Lead Identification

Notes

CAS Number

7439-92-1

ICSC Number

powder

0052

RTECS Number

OF7525000

Quantity

Lead Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

175 pm

Orbital Radius

121.5 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

144 pm

double bond

135 pm

triple bond

137 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

146 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +2

coordination number: 4, pyramidal

112 pm  

coordination number: 6

133 pm  

coordination number: 7

137 pm  

coordination number: 8

143 pm  

coordination number: 9

149 pm  

coordination number: 10

154 pm  

coordination number: 11

159 pm  

coordination number: 12

163 pm  

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 4

 79 pm  

coordination number: 5

 87 pm  

coordination number: 6

 91.5 pm

coordination number: 8

108 pm  

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +2

coordination number: 4, pyramidal

 98 pm  

coordination number: 6

119 pm  

coordination number: 7

123 pm  

coordination number: 8

129 pm  

coordination number: 9

135 pm  

coordination number: 10

140 pm  

coordination number: 11

145 pm  

coordination number: 12

149 pm  

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 4

 65 pm  

coordination number: 5

 73 pm  

coordination number: 6

 77.5 pm

coordination number: 8

 94 pm  

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: +4

 84 pm

ion charge: +2

120 pm

Pauling Univalent Radius

ion charge: +1

106 pm

Batsanov Crystallographic Van Der Waals Radius

2.3×102 pm

Batsanov Equilibrium Van Der Waals Radius

253 pm

Bondi Van Der Waals Radius

202 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

180 pm

Quantity

Lead Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope

α-lead

symbol

αPb

alternate symbol

Pb-I

allotrope

β-lead

symbol

βPb

alternate symbol

Pb-II

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

350 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

3.30×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Lead History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

circa 1000 BC

discoverer

unknown

location of discovery

unknown

Origin of Element Name

origin

lead

origin description

word—Anglo-Saxon

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Pb

origin

plumbum

origin description

word—Latin for lead

U.S. Towns Named After Elements

Lead, South Dakota

Leadville, Colorado

Formerly Used or Proposed Element Names and Symbols

symbol

P

Quantity

Lead Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

1.4×101 ppm

Earth's Mantle

185 ppb

primitive mantle

Earth's Core

0.4 ppm

Bulk Earth

0.23 ppm

Ocean Water

3×10-5 ppm

Metalliferous Ocean Sediment

Basal

100 ppm

Ridge

152 ppm

River Water

0.003 ppm

U.S. Coal

11 ppm

Human Body

120 mg

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

3.6 ppm to 30 ppm

Human Hair

3 ppm to 70 ppm

Human Kidney

1.2 ppm to 6.8 ppm

Human Liver

3 ppm to 12 ppm

Human Muscle

0.23 ppm to 3.3 ppm

Human Nail

14 ppm to 170 ppm

Ferns

2.3 ppm

Fungi

0.2 ppm to 40 ppm

Solar System

3.15

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Sun

1.95 ± 0.08

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Meteorites

2.06 ± 0.04

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Quantity

Lead Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

plomb

German

Blei

Italian

piombo

Spanish

plomo

Portuguese

chumbo

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

plumbide

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

lead (general)

Pb2+, lead(2+)

Pb4+, lead(4+)

Ligands

plumbido

Heteroatomic Anion

plumbate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

plumba

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

plumby

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

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