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Selenium

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Selenium Quick Reference

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Notes

Symbol

Se

Atomic Number

34

Atomic Weight

Rounded

78.971

for regular calculations

Standard

78.971 ± 0.008

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

 6

less common with disagreement

 4

more common with disagreement

 2

less common with disagreement

 1

less common

-2

more common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

2.55

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4

[Ar] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of argon

Orbital Filling Order

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4

[Ar] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of argon

Term Symbol

3P2

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 9.75239 eV

II  (2)

21.19 eV   

III (3)

30.8204 eV 

IV  (4)

42.9450 eV 

see all 7 energies ...

Electron Affinity

2.02067 ± 0.00002 eV

16297.8 ± 0.2 cm-1  

Density

gray selenium

liquid, 494.15 K

3.987 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

4.810 g/cm3

vitreous selenium, solid, 25 °C

4.280 g/cm3

α-monoclinic selenium, solid, 25 °C

4.390 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

16.42 cm3/mol

Melting Point

gray selenium

493.65 K

Boiling Point

gray selenium, 1 atm

958.15 K

vitreous selenium, 1 atm

958.15 K

α-monoclinic selenium, 1 atm

958.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

parallel to c-axis

5.38 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.54 W/(m K) 

300 K

parallel to c-axis

4.52 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.30 W/(m K) 

298.2 K

parallel to c-axis

4.52 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.31 W/(m K) 

273.2 K

parallel to c-axis

4.81 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.37 W/(m K) 

200 K

parallel to c-axis

6.08 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.74 W/(m K) 

amorphous selenium, solid

310 K

0.656 W/(m K)

300 K

0.528 W/(m K)

298.2 K

0.519 W/(m K)

273.2 K

0.428 W/(m K)

200 K

0.263 W/(m K)

see all 55 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

116 pm

double bond

107 pm

triple bond

107 pm

Atomic Radius

116 pm

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

5.1 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

26.32 kJ/mol

Quantity

Selenium Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

 9.75239 eV

II  (2)

21.19 eV   

III (3)

30.8204 eV 

IV  (4)

42.9450 eV 

see all 7 energies ...

Electron Affinity

2.02067 ± 0.00002 eV

16297.8 ± 0.2 cm-1  

Electron Binding Energies

K    (1s)

12658 eV  

LI   (2s)

 1652.0 eV

LII  (2p1/2)

 1474.3 eV

LIII (2p3/2)

 1433.9 eV

see all 9 energies ...

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4

[Ar] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of argon

Orbital Filling Order

[Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p4

[Ar] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of argon

Term Symbol

3P2

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

33.2622

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

33.2622

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

12.4442

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

24.8884

Zeff = ζ × n

see all 8 effective nuclear charges ...

Screening Percentage

69.3%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.602 

ωL1

0.0032

ωL2

0.016 

ωL3

0.018 

Coster-Kronig Yields

F12

0.28 

F13

0.52 

F23

0.076

Quantity

Selenium Physical Properties

Notes

Density

gray selenium

liquid, 494.15 K

3.987 g/ml 

solid, 25 °C

4.810 g/cm3

vitreous selenium, solid, 25 °C

4.280 g/cm3

α-monoclinic selenium, solid, 25 °C

4.390 g/cm3

Molar Mass

Rounded

78.971 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

78.971 ± 0.008 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

16.42 cm3/mol

Physical Form

gray selenium

gray metallic crystals

vitreous selenium

black amorphous solid

α-monoclinic selenium

red monoclinic crystals

Speed of Sound

γ-monoclinic selenium, solid, 293 K

3350 m/s

calculated value

Specific Gravity

68 °F, water at 4 °C (39.2 °F)

4.28

Young's Modulus

γ-monoclinic selenium

58 GPa

Poisson's Ratio

γ-monoclinic selenium

0.450

Dielectric Constant

482 °F

 5.4 

510.65 K

 5.44

249 °F

 5.4 

300 K

monocrystal, 11 component of dielectric tensor, 24×109 Hz

11   

monocrystal, 22 component of dielectric tensor, 24×109 Hz

11   

monocrystal, 33 component of dielectric tensor, 24×109 Hz

21   

298 K, amorphous, 102 Hz to 1010 Hz

 6.0 

68 °F

 6.1 

Contact Potential

4.42 eV

Photoelectric Work Function

4.8 eV

Superconducting Transition Temperature

150 GPa

8 K

maximum temperature

Mineralogical Hardness

2.0

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

300 K

9.1 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

300 K

0.110 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

16 cm3

Quantity

Selenium Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

 6

less common with disagreement

 4

more common with disagreement

 2

less common with disagreement

 1

less common

-2

more common with disagreement

Pauling Electronegativity

2.55

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

hybridsp3

2.79

hybrid16.7% s

2.60

orbitalp

2.20

Sanderson Electronegativity

3.014

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

2.48

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

14.34 eV

Pauling units

 2.424  

Allen Electronegativity

2.424

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 2

2.55

Boyd-Edgecombe Electronegativity

2.46

Ghosh-Gupta Electronegativity

5.8746 eV

Nagle Electronegativity

2.31

Pearson Absolute Electronegativity

5.89 eV

Smith Electronegativity

oxidation state: 6

2.2

oxidation state: 4

2.35

oxidation state: -2

2.45

Chemical Hardness

3.87 eV

Cohesive Energy

per mole

237 kJ/mol    

per atom

  2.46 eV/atom

Quantity

Selenium Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

gray selenium

493.65 K

Boiling Point

gray selenium, 1 atm

958.15 K

vitreous selenium, 1 atm

958.15 K

α-monoclinic selenium, 1 atm

958.15 K

Thermal Conductivity

solid

400 K

parallel to c-axis

5.38 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.54 W/(m K) 

300 K

parallel to c-axis

4.52 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.30 W/(m K) 

298.2 K

parallel to c-axis

4.52 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.31 W/(m K) 

273.2 K

parallel to c-axis

4.81 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.37 W/(m K) 

200 K

parallel to c-axis

6.08 W/(m K) 

perpendicular to c-axis

1.74 W/(m K) 

amorphous selenium, solid

310 K

0.656 W/(m K)

300 K

0.528 W/(m K)

298.2 K

0.519 W/(m K)

273.2 K

0.428 W/(m K)

200 K

0.263 W/(m K)

see all 55 conductivities ...

Critical Point

1757 K

Vapor Pressure

685 °C

100 kPa

540 °C

10 kPa

431 °C

1 kPa

see all 16 pressures ...

Enthalpy of Fusion

1 atm

5.1 kJ/mol

Enthalpy of Vaporization

1 atm

26.32 kJ/mol

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

25.363 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

298.15 K, 1 bar

0.321 J/(g K)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

152.5 K

Quantity

Selenium Identification

Notes

CAS Number

gray selenium

7782-49-2

vitreous selenium

7782-49-2

α-monoclinic selenium

7782-49-2

DOT Number

powder

2658

ICSC Number

powder

0072

RTECS Number

VS7700000

Quantity

Selenium Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

116 pm

Orbital Radius

91.8 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

116 pm

double bond

107 pm

triple bond

107 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

120 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: -2, coordination number: 6

184 pm

ion charge: +4, coordination number: 6

 64 pm

ion charge: +6

coordination number: 4

 42 pm

coordination number: 6

 56 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: -2, coordination number: 6

198 pm

ion charge: +4, coordination number: 6

 50 pm

ion charge: +6

coordination number: 4

 28 pm

coordination number: 6

 42 pm

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: -2

198 pm

Pauling Univalent Radius

ion charge: +1

 66 pm

ion charge: -1

232 pm

Batsanov Crystallographic Van Der Waals Radius

1.9×102 pm

Batsanov Equilibrium Van Der Waals Radius

218 pm

Bondi Van Der Waals Radius

190 pm

Pauling Van Der Waals Radius

200 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

115 pm

Quantity

Selenium Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope

gray selenium

alternate name

grey selenium

alternate name

metallic selenium

alternate name

trigonal selenium

alternate name

hexagonal selenium

alternate name

normal selenium

alternate name

α-selenium

alternate name

γ-selenium

allotrope

α-monoclinic selenium

symbol

α-Se8

allotrope

β-monoclinic selenium

symbol

β-Se8

allotrope

γ-monoclinic selenium

symbol

γ-Se8

allotrope category

cubic selenium

allotrope

α-cubic selenium

allotrope

β-cubic selenium

allotrope

rhombohedral selenium

alternate name

cyclo-Se6

symbol

r-Se

allotrope

orthorhombic selenium

alternate name

cyclo-Se7

symbol

o-Se

allotrope category

amorphous selenium

allotrope

red amorphous selenium

allotrope

brown amorphous selenium

allotrope

black amorphous selenium

allotrope

vitreous selenium

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

232 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

3.67×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Selenium History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

1818

discoverer

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

birth

August 20, 1779

death

August 7, 1848

location of discovery

Stockholm, Sweden

Origin of Element Name

origin

Selene

origin description

celestial body—Greek for Moon

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: Se

origin

selenium

origin description

element name

Quantity

Selenium Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

5×10-2 ppm

Earth's Mantle

0.079 ppm

primitive mantle

Earth's Core

8 ppm

Bulk Earth

2.7 ppm

Ocean Water

0.00045 ppm

Metalliferous Ocean Sediment

Basal

2.6 ppm

River Water

0.0002 ppm

U.S. Coal

2.8 ppm

Human Body

15 mg

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

1 ppm to 9 ppm

Human Hair

0.6 ppm to 6 ppm

Human Kidney

0.4 ppm to 3.5 ppm

Human Liver

0.35 ppm to 2.4 ppm

Human Muscle

0.42 ppm to 1.9 ppm

Human Nail

1 ppm to 8 ppm

Bacteria

0.016 ppm

Fungi

0.8 ppm to 8 ppm

Solar System

62.1

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Meteorites

3.40 ± 0.02

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Quantity

Selenium Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

sélénium

German

Selen

Italian

selenio

Spanish

selenio

Portuguese

selénio

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

selenide (general)

Se•-, selanidyl, selenide(•1-)

Se2-, selanediide, selenide(2-)

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

selenium

Ligands

selenido (general)

Se•-, selanidyl, selenido(•1-)

Se2-, selanediido, selenido(2-)

Heteroatomic Anion

selenate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

selena

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

seleny

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

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