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Carbon

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Carbon Quick Reference

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Notes

Symbol

C

Atomic Number

6

Atomic Weight

Rounded

12.011

for regular calculations

Standard

12.0096 to 12.0116

for precise calculations

Oxidation States

 4

more common

 3

less common

 2

less common

 1

less common

-1

less common

-2

less common

-3

less common

-4

more common

Pauling Electronegativity

2.55

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[He] 2s2 2p2

[He] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of helium

Orbital Filling Order

[He] 2s2 2p2

[He] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of helium

Term Symbol

3P0

see expanded configuration ...

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

11.26030 eV

II  (2)

24.3833 eV 

III (3)

47.8878 eV 

IV  (4)

64.4939 eV 

see all 6 energies ...

Electron Affinity

1.262118 ± 0.000020 eV

10179.67 ± 0.15 cm-1  

Density

diamond, solid, 25 °C

3.513 g/cm3

graphite

liquid, 4765.00 K

1.611 g/ml 

solid

300 K

2.26 g/cm3 

theoretical density for a perfect crystal

25 °C

2.200 g/cm3

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

5.29 cm3/mol

diamond, solid, 298 K, 1 atm

3.42 cm3/mol

Melting Point

diamond, 125 kbar

4100 ± 200 K

graphite

1 kbar

4800 ± 200 K

100 atm

4200 K

hexagonal graphite, 9 kbar

4100 ± 100 K

Boiling Point

graphite, 1 atm

3825 °C

sublimes

Thermal Conductivity

diamond, solid

400 K, Type I

650 W/(m K)

extrapolated

300 K, Type I

895 W/(m K)

298.2 K, Type I

900 W/(m K)

273.2 K, Type I

994 W/(m K)

200 K, Type I

14.1×102 W/(m K)

400 K, Type IIa

15.4×102 W/(m K)

extrapolated

300 K, Type IIa

23.0×102 W/(m K)

298.2 K, Type IIa

23.2×102 W/(m K)

273.2 K, Type IIa

26.2×102 W/(m K)

200 K, Type IIa

40.3×102 W/(m K)

400 K, Type IIb

932 W/(m K)

extrapolated

300 K, Type IIb

13.5×102 W/(m K)

298.2 K, Type IIb

13.6×102 W/(m K)

273.2 K, Type IIb

15.2×102 W/(m K)

200 K, Type IIb

22.6×102 W/(m K)

see all 54 conductivities ...

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

75 pm

double bond

67 pm

triple bond

60 pm

Atomic Radius

77 pm

Quantity

Carbon Atomic Structure

Notes

Ionization Energies

I   (1)

11.26030 eV

II  (2)

24.3833 eV 

III (3)

47.8878 eV 

IV  (4)

64.4939 eV 

see all 6 energies ...

Electron Affinity

1.262118 ± 0.000020 eV

10179.67 ± 0.15 cm-1  

Electron Binding Energies

(1s)

284.2 eV

Electron Configuration

Orbital Occupancy

[He] 2s2 2p2

[He] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of helium

Orbital Filling Order

[He] 2s2 2p2

[He] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of helium

Term Symbol

3P0

see expanded configuration ...

Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge

1s

Orbital Exponent

5.6727

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

1

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

5.6727

Zeff = ζ × n

2s

Orbital Exponent

1.6083

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

3.2166

Zeff = ζ × n

2p

Orbital Exponent

1.5679

ζ

Principle Quantum Number

2

n

Effective Nuclear Charge

3.1358

Zeff = ζ × n

Screening Percentage

45.8%

Fluorescence Yields

ωK

0.0026

Quantity

Carbon Physical Properties

Notes

Density

diamond, solid, 25 °C

3.513 g/cm3

graphite

liquid, 4765.00 K

1.611 g/ml 

solid

300 K

2.26 g/cm3 

theoretical density for a perfect crystal

25 °C

2.200 g/cm3

Molar Mass

Rounded

12.011 g/mol

for regular calculations

Standard

12.0096 g/mol to 12.0116 g/mol

for precise calculations

Molar Volume

solid, 298 K, 1 atm

5.29 cm3/mol

diamond, solid, 298 K, 1 atm

3.42 cm3/mol

Physical Form

diamond

colorless cubic crystals

graphite

soft black hexagonal crystals

fullerene-C60

yellow needles or plates

fullerene-C70

red-brown solid

carbon black

fine black powder

Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient

graphite

400 °C

28×10-6 K-1

c direction

0 °C

25×10-6 K-1

c direction

Speed of Sound

diamond, solid, 20 °C

longitudinal wave

18350 m/s

shear wave

 9200 m/s

graphite, solid, 293 K

 1470 m/s

calculated value

Specific Gravity

graphite, 68 °F, water at 4 °C (39.2 °F)

natural

2.0 to 2.25

synthetic

1.5 to 1.8 

carbon black, 68 °F, water at 4 °C (39.2 °F)

1.8 to 2.1 

Young's Modulus

diamond

980 GPa

Dielectric Constant

diamond, 300 K

103 Hz to 104 Hz, capacitance measurement

5.70 ± 0.05

103 Hz, Type I

5.87 ± 0.19

103 Hz, Type IIa

5.66 ± 0.04

graphite

 12 to 15 

carbon black

2.5 to 3.0

Electrical Resistivity

diamond, solid

Type I and most Type IIa

1×1018 Ohm m

Type IIb

1×103 Ohm m to 1×105 Ohm m

graphite, solid, 298.15 K

Electrographite (from petroleum coke)

7.6×10-6 Ohm m

Electrographite (from lampblack)

30.5×10-6 Ohm m

Pyrolytic graphite (ab direction - parallel to the basal planes)

2.5×10-6 Ohm m to 5.0×10-6 Ohm m

Photoelectric Work Function

4.81 eV

Thermionic Work Function

4.34 eV

Mineralogical Hardness

diamond

10.0

graphite

 0.5

Reflectivity

graphite, surface polished

0.5 μm

22%

0.6 μm

24%

0.8 μm

25%

see all 8 reflectivities ...

Isothermal Bulk Modulus

diamond, 300 K

545 GPa

Isothermal Compressibility

diamond, 300 K

0.00183 GPa-1

Gram Atomic Volume

5 cm3

Quantity

Carbon Atomic Interaction

Notes

Oxidation States

 4

more common

 3

less common

 2

less common

 1

less common

-1

less common

-2

less common

-3

less common

-4

more common

Pauling Electronegativity

2.55

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

hybridsp

2.99

hybridsp2

2.66

hybridsp3

2.48

Sanderson Electronegativity

2.746

Allred-Rochow Electronegativity

2.50

Configuration Energy

electron volt units

15.05 eV

Pauling units

 2.544  

Allen Electronegativity

2.544

Allred Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

2.55

Boyd-Edgecombe Electronegativity

2.60

Ghosh-Gupta Electronegativity

6.2338 eV

Nagle Electronegativity

2.55

Pearson Absolute Electronegativity

6.27 eV

Smith Electronegativity

oxidation state: 4

2.3

Chemical Hardness

5.00 eV

Cohesive Energy

per mole

711 kJ/mol    

per atom

  7.37 eV/atom

Quantity

Carbon Thermodynamics

Notes

Melting Point

diamond, 125 kbar

4100 ± 200 K

graphite

1 kbar

4800 ± 200 K

100 atm

4200 K

hexagonal graphite, 9 kbar

4100 ± 100 K

Boiling Point

graphite, 1 atm

3825 °C

sublimes

Thermal Conductivity

diamond, solid

400 K, Type I

650 W/(m K)

extrapolated

300 K, Type I

895 W/(m K)

298.2 K, Type I

900 W/(m K)

273.2 K, Type I

994 W/(m K)

200 K, Type I

14.1×102 W/(m K)

400 K, Type IIa

15.4×102 W/(m K)

extrapolated

300 K, Type IIa

23.0×102 W/(m K)

298.2 K, Type IIa

23.2×102 W/(m K)

273.2 K, Type IIa

26.2×102 W/(m K)

200 K, Type IIa

40.3×102 W/(m K)

400 K, Type IIb

932 W/(m K)

extrapolated

300 K, Type IIb

13.5×102 W/(m K)

298.2 K, Type IIb

13.6×102 W/(m K)

273.2 K, Type IIb

15.2×102 W/(m K)

200 K, Type IIb

22.6×102 W/(m K)

see all 54 conductivities ...

Triple Point

graphite-liquid-vapor triple point

temperature

4800 ± 150 K

pressure

110 ± 20 bar

Critical Point

6743 K

Vapor Pressure

graphite

3635 °C

100 kPa

3299 °C

10 kPa

3016 °C

1 kPa

2775 °C

100 Pa

2566 °C

10 Pa

Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity

graphite, 298.15 K, 1 bar

8.517 J/(mol K)

diamond, 298.15 K, 1 bar

6.113 J/(mol K)

Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity

graphite, 298.15 K, 1 bar

0.709 J/(g K)

Electronic Heat Capacity Coefficient

graphite

0.014 mJ/(mol K2)

Debye Temperature

Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

2230 K

Room Temperature ( 298 K )

1550 K

diamond, Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

2250 K

graphite, Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )

 413 K

Quantity

Carbon Identification

Notes

CAS Number

carbon black

1333-86-4

diamond

7782-40-3

fullerene-C60

99685-96-8

fullerene-C70

115383-22-7

graphite

7782-42-5

DOT Number

activated

1362

animal or vegetable origin

1361

ICSC Number

0702

carbon black

0471

RTECS Number

FF5250100

carbon black

FF5800000

UN Number

1361

carbon black

1361

Quantity

Carbon Atomic Size

Notes

Atomic Radius

77 pm

Orbital Radius

62.0 pm

Pyykkö Covalent Radius

single bond

75 pm

double bond

67 pm

triple bond

60 pm

Cordero Covalent Radius

sp3 hybridization

76 pm

sp2 hybridization

73 pm

sp hybridization

69 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 3

 6 pm

coordination number: 4

29 pm

coordination number: 6

30 pm

Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius

ion charge: +4

coordination number: 3

-8 pm

coordination number: 4

15 pm

coordination number: 6

16 pm

Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius

ion charge: +4

 15 pm

ion charge: -4

260 pm

Pauling Univalent Radius

ion charge: +1

 29 pm

ion charge: -1

414 pm

Batsanov Crystallographic Van Der Waals Radius

1.7×102 pm

Batsanov Equilibrium Van Der Waals Radius

196 pm

Bondi Van Der Waals Radius

170 pm

Pauling Van Der Waals Radius

170 pm

Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius

70 pm

Quantity

Carbon Crystal Structure

Notes

Allotropes

allotrope category

diamond

allotrope

cubic diamond

allotrope

hexagonal diamond

alternate name

lonsdaleite

allotrope category

graphite

allotrope

hexagonal graphite

alternate name

α-graphite

allotrope

rhombohedral graphite

alternate name

β-graphite

allotrope

turbostratic graphite

allotrope

chaoite

allotrope category

fullerenes

allotrope

fullerene-C60

symbol

C60

allotrope

fullerene-C70

symbol

C70

allotrope

carbon nanotubes

allotrope

carbon onions

allotrope

carbon fibers

allotrope

carbon foams

allotrope

graphene films

allotrope

carbon black

Nearest Neighbor Distance

300 K, 1 atm

154 pm

Atomic Concentration

300 K, 1 atm

17.6×1022 cm-3

Quantity

Carbon History

Notes

Discovery

date of discovery

prehistory

discoverer

unknown

location of discovery

unknown

Origin of Element Name

origin

carbo

origin description

mineral—Latin for coal or charcoal

Origin of Element Symbol

symbol: C

origin

carbon

origin description

element name

U.S. Towns Named After Elements

Carbon, Texas

Carbon, Wyoming

Quantity

Carbon Abundances

Notes

Earth's Crust

2.00×102 ppm

Earth's Mantle

100 ppm

primitive mantle

Earth's Core

0.20%

Bulk Earth

730 ppm

Ocean Water

28 ppm

River Water

1.2 ppm

U.S. Coal

63%

Human Body

16 kg

based on a 70 kg "reference man"

Human Bone

360×103 ppm

Human Hair

540×103 ppm

Human Kidney

670×103 ppm

Human Liver

670×103 ppm

Human Muscle

670×103 ppm

Human Nail

540×103 ppm

Bacteria

540×103 ppm

Ferns

450000 ppm

Universe

0.00036

relative to hydrogen = 1.00000

Solar System

1.01×107

number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon

Sun

8.52 ± 0.06

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Meteorites

7.40 ± 0.04

base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Halley's Comet

814 ± 165 atoms

number of atoms for every 100 atoms of magnesium

Quantity

Carbon Nomenclature

Notes

Element Names in Other Languages

French

carbone

German

Kohlenstoff

Italian

carbonio

Spanish

carbono

Portuguese

carbono

Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups

carbide (general)

C-, carbide(1-)

C4-, carbide(4-), methanetetraide

Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups

carbon (general)

C+, carbon(1+)

Ligands

carbido (general)

C-, carbido(1-)

C4-, carbido(4-), methanetetrayl, methanetetraido

Heteroatomic Anion

carbonate

'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature

carba

'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature

carby

References    (Click the button next to a value above to see complete citation information for that entry)

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