Gold

Quantity		Gold Quick Reference Click to see citations		Notes
Symbol	Au
Atomic Number	79
Atomic Weight
Rounded	196.97			for regular calculations
Standard	196.966570 ± 0.000004			for precise calculations
Oxidation States	7			less common
	5			less common
	3			more common
	2			less common
	1			less common with disagreement
	0			less common
	-1			less common
Pauling Electronegativity	2.54
Electron Configuration
Orbital Occupancy	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1			[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon
Orbital Filling Order	[Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d10			[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon
Term Symbol	2S1/2
see expanded configuration ...
Ionization Energies
I  (1)	9.22553 eV
II (2)	20.20 eV
Electron Affinity	2.30861 ± 0.00003 eV
	18620.2 ± 0.2 cm-1
Density
6200 K, 0.45 GPa	5.6 g/cm3			critical point, predicted
liquid, 1337.33 K	17.282 g/ml
solid, 25 °C	19.300 g/cm3
Molar Volume
solid, 298 K, 1 atm	10.21 cm3/mol
Melting Point
1 atm	1337.33 K			ITS-90 fixed point (freezing point)
Boiling Point
1 atm	3129.15 K
Thermal Conductivity
solid
400 K	311 W/(m K)
300 K	317 W/(m K)
298.2 K	318 W/(m K)
273.2 K	319 W/(m K)
200 K	323 W/(m K)
see all 60 conductivities ...
Pyykkö Covalent Radius
single bond	124 pm
double bond	121 pm
triple bond	123 pm
Atomic Radius	144 pm
Enthalpy of Fusion
1 atm	12.7 kJ/mol
Enthalpy of Vaporization
1 atm	324.4 kJ/mol

Quantity		Gold Atomic Structure		Notes
Ionization Energies
I  (1)	9.22553 eV
II (2)	20.20 eV
Electron Affinity	2.30861 ± 0.00003 eV
	18620.2 ± 0.2 cm-1
Electron Binding Energies
K    (1s)	80725 eV
LI   (2s)	14353 eV
LII  (2p1/2)	13734 eV
LIII (2p3/2)	11919 eV
see all 19 energies ...
Electron Configuration
Orbital Occupancy	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1			[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon
Orbital Filling Order	[Xe] 6s1 4f14 5d10			[Xe] represents the closed-shell electron configuration of xenon
Term Symbol	2S1/2
see expanded configuration ...
Clementi-Raimondi Effective Nuclear Charge
1s
Orbital Exponent	77.4761			ζ
Principle Quantum Number	1			n
Effective Nuclear Charge	77.4761			Zeff = ζ × n
2s
Orbital Exponent	29.1849			ζ
Principle Quantum Number	2			n
Effective Nuclear Charge	58.3698			Zeff = ζ × n
see all 14 effective nuclear charges ...
Screening Percentage	85.4%
Fluorescence Yields
ωK	0.960
ωL1	0.117
ωL2	0.358
ωL3	0.313
Coster-Kronig Yields
F12	0.074
F13	0.615
F23	0.125

Quantity		Gold Physical Properties		Notes
Density
6200 K, 0.45 GPa	5.6 g/cm3			critical point, predicted
liquid, 1337.33 K	17.282 g/ml
solid, 25 °C	19.300 g/cm3
Molar Mass
Rounded	196.97 g/mol			for regular calculations
Standard	196.966570 ± 0.000004 g/mol			for precise calculations
Molar Volume
solid, 298 K, 1 atm	10.21 cm3/mol
Physical Form	soft yellow metal
Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient
25 °C	14.2×10-6 K-1
283 K	14.08×10-6 K-1
85 K	11.03×10-6 K-1
75 K	10.41×10-6 K-1
65 K	9.58×10-6 K-1
57.5 K	8.75×10-6 K-1
see all 29 coefficients ...
Speed of Sound
solid
room temperature, hard-drawn, extensional wave	2030 m/s
20 °C
longitudinal wave	3240 m/s
shear wave	1200 m/s
288 K to 293 K, annealed	1740 m/s
283 K	2110 m/s
Young's Modulus	78.5 GPa
Poisson's Ratio	0.420
Electrical Resistivity
solid
200 K	1.462×10-8 Ohm m
273.15 K	2.051×10-8 Ohm m
293 K	2.214×10-8 Ohm m
300 K	2.271×10-8 Ohm m
400 K	3.107×10-8 Ohm m
see all 45 resistivities ...
Contact Potential	4.46 eV
Photoelectric Work Function	4.82 eV
Thermionic Work Function	4.32 eV
Mineralogical Hardness	2.5
Vickers Hardness
293 K	216 MN/m2
483 K	182 MN/m2
see all 6 hardnesses ...
Reflectivity
surface polished electrolytically
0.450 μm	33.1%
0.550 μm	74.0%
0.650 μm	88.9%
see all 17 reflectivities ...
Isothermal Bulk Modulus
300 K	173.2 GPa
Isothermal Compressibility
300 K	0.00577 GPa-1
Gram Atomic Volume	10 cm3

Quantity		Gold Atomic Interaction		Notes
Oxidation States	7			less common
	5			less common
	3			more common
	2			less common
	1			less common with disagreement
	0			less common
	-1			less common
Pauling Electronegativity	2.54
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
orbital: s	1.87
Allred-Rochow Electronegativity	1.42
Configuration Energy
electron volt units	11.33 eV
Pauling units	1.92
Allred Electronegativity
oxidation state: 1	2.54
Nagle Electronegativity	1.53
Pearson Absolute Electronegativity	5.77 eV
Smith Electronegativity
oxidation state: 3	2.5
oxidation state: 1	2.4
Free Electron Fermi Surface Parameters
300 K
electron concentration	5.90×1022 cm-3
radius parameter	3.01
fermi wavevector	1.20×108 cm-1
fermi velocity	1.39×108 cm/s
fermi energy	5.51 eV
fermi temperature	6.39×104 K
Chemical Hardness	3.46 eV
Cohesive Energy
per mole	368 kJ/mol
per atom	3.81 eV/atom

Quantity		Gold Thermodynamics		Notes
Melting Point
1 atm	1337.33 K			ITS-90 fixed point (freezing point)
Boiling Point
1 atm	3129.15 K
Thermal Conductivity
solid
400 K	311 W/(m K)
300 K	317 W/(m K)
298.2 K	318 W/(m K)
273.2 K	319 W/(m K)
200 K	323 W/(m K)
see all 60 conductivities ...
Critical Point
temperature	6200 K			predicted
pressure	0.45 GPa
Vapor Pressure
2805 °C	100 kPa
2347 °C	10 kPa
2008 °C	1 kPa
1748 °C	100 Pa
1541 °C	10 Pa
1373 °C	1 Pa
Enthalpy of Fusion
1 atm	12.7 kJ/mol
Enthalpy of Vaporization
1 atm	324.4 kJ/mol
Isobaric Molar Heat Capacity
298.15 K, 1 bar	25.418 J/(mol K)
Isobaric Specific Heat Capacity
298.15 K, 1 bar	0.129 J/(g K)
Electronic Heat Capacity Coefficient	0.69 mJ/(mol K2)
Debye Temperature
Low Temperature Limit ( 0 K )	162.3 K
Room Temperature ( 298 K )	178 K

Quantity		Gold Identification		Notes
CAS Number	7440-57-5

Quantity		Gold Atomic Size		Notes
Atomic Radius	144 pm
Orbital Radius	118.7 pm
Pyykkö Covalent Radius
single bond	124 pm
double bond	121 pm
triple bond	123 pm
Cordero Covalent Radius	136 pm
Shannon-Prewitt Crystal Radius
ion charge: +1, coordination number: 6	151 pm
ion charge: +3
coordination number: 4, square planer	82 pm
coordination number: 6	99 pm
ion charge: +5, coordination number: 6	71 pm
Shannon-Prewitt Effective Ionic Radius
ion charge: +1, coordination number: 6	137 pm
ion charge: +3
coordination number: 4, square planer	68 pm
coordination number: 6	85 pm
ion charge: +5, coordination number: 6	57 pm
Pauling Empirical Crystal Radius
ion charge: +1	137 pm
Pauling Univalent Radius
ion charge: +1	137 pm
Batsanov Crystallographic Van Der Waals Radius	2.1×102 pm
Batsanov Equilibrium Van Der Waals Radius	241 pm
Bondi Van Der Waals Radius	166 pm
Slater Atomic-Ionic Radius	135 pm

Quantity		Gold Crystal Structure		Notes
Nearest Neighbor Distance
300 K, 1 atm	288 pm
Atomic Concentration
300 K, 1 atm	5.90×1022 cm-3

Quantity		Gold History		Notes
Discovery
date of discovery	circa 5000 BC
discoverer	unknown
location of discovery	unknown
Origin of Element Name
origin	gold
origin description	word—Anglo-Saxon
Origin of Element Symbol
symbol: Au
origin	aurum
origin description	word—Latin for glow of sunrise
U.S. Towns Named After Elements	Gold, Texas
	Gold Hill, Colorado

Quantity		Gold Abundances		Notes
Earth's Crust	4×10-3 ppm
Earth's Mantle	0.88 ppb			primitive mantle
Earth's Core	0.5 ppm
Bulk Earth	0.16 ppm
Ocean Water	5×10-5 ppm
Metalliferous Ocean Sediment
Ridge	16 ppb
River Water	2×10-6 ppm
U.S. Coal	<0.05 ppm			estimated from USGS and literature data
Human Body	0.2 mg			based on a 70 kg "reference man"
Human Bone	0.016 ppm
Human Hair	0.0017 ppm to 1.8 ppm
Human Kidney	0.014 ppm
Human Liver	0.0004 ppm
Human Nail	0.03 ppm to 0.8 ppm
Ferns	0.0017 ppm
Solar System	0.187			number of atoms for every 106 atoms of silicon
Sun	1.01 ± 0.15			base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen
Meteorites	0.86 ± 0.02			base 10 log of the number of atoms for every 1012 atoms of hydrogen

Quantity		Gold Nomenclature		Notes
Element Names in Other Languages
French	or
German	Gold
Italian	oro
Spanish	oro
Portuguese	ouro
Anions or Anionic Substituent Groups	auride
Cations or Cationic Substituent Groups	gold (general)
	Au+, gold(1+)
	Au3+, gold(3+)
Ligands	aurido
Heteroatomic Anion	aurate
'a' Term—Substitutive Nomenclature	aura
'y' Term—Chains and Rings Nomenclature	aury

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